HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 157 



rection of the knee, and a moment later lie is 

 struck rather heavily behind the knee and also is 

 given the voice sound used for making him go. 

 This voice sound for exciting motion aids in exci- 

 ting him to move his leg, because it is an order 

 to advance, i. e. to move his leg which he already 

 knows, and as the left leg is touched he raises it 

 and moves it. After some repetitions he under- 

 stands and remembers that pointing the tip of the 

 whip in the direction of his leg means that he is 

 to raise the leg and paw with it, and he does so 

 without waiting to be given the whip punishment 

 at the back of the knee, which was given at other 

 times after the whip had been pointed to the knee. 

 For the signal of pointing the whip to the 

 knee may easily be substituted a gesture towards 

 the knee with the extended arm and hand. Stan- 

 ding to the left of him facing the left shoulder, a 

 very conspicuous gesture is made with the exten- 

 ded left arm towards the left foreleg in the di- 

 rection of the knee and the whip is kept stret- 

 ched out along our right leg pointed downwards 

 so that he should not see it. The left arm is with- 



