162 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



desirable. To avoid his thus making movements in 

 advance it is necessary to prevent him making 

 them, so as to show that he must not make them 

 before he receives orders, i. e. aids. 



Things which the horse is taught 

 for spectacular purposes. 



For teaching most of the following special 

 things, as has already been said, it is better to have 

 the horse held isolated bv two men with tAvo loun- 

 ges attached to the two side-rings of the cavesson 

 at one, two, or three yards or more distance from 

 the horse as best suited to teach the action. 



It appears that the things which horses are now 

 made to perform in circuses are of ancient date. 

 Oaracciolo and Oorte of Pavia, writers of the IG.th 

 century, in order to prove the intelligence of horses, 

 mention the marvellous games which they perfor- 

 med. They should have said that these games per- 

 formed by the horses in the circus proved on the 

 contrary the cleverness and intelligence of the men 

 who had taught them. They did such surprising 



