184 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



voice or gesture, and if necessary by piinisliment 

 whenever he does so, until he gives up doing so. 

 Dogs and cats are taught not to commit a nuisance 

 in the room by rubbing their noses in the refuse. 

 They remember this well, as it is a punishment 

 which they dislike exceedingly. 



On foot the best means of giving associations 

 of disapproval to the horse are the aids and punish- 

 ments of the cavesson, because they act upon the 

 seat of the intelligence and will and do not give 

 rise to reactions as do the whip punishments. On 

 horseback, in order to show disapproval of the 

 actions he performs and is not desired to perform, 

 he may be punished with a whip, by a raising 

 action of the hand, and with the spurs, or even 

 by all three together. The whip and hand raising 

 punishments are better than the spurs if the horse 

 is excited to react by the spurs and if it has not 

 been possible to accustom him to yield to the spurs 

 i. e. to advance instead of reacting against them. 

 The raising action of the hand is a punishment, 

 and shows disapprobation and is also a prevention 

 of croupades in the horse that throws up the croup 



