234 FEAR 



the males have less fear than the females. Some 

 aie less afraid with blinkers, others without. 



Circumstances which increase his fear. 



When he is well-fed and rested he is more 

 liable to fear because he is then more excitable; 

 — when he is not accustomed to seeing objects 

 and they are . new to him, — and when he is ill- 

 treated in the presence of them. When he is ill- 

 treated by man he is always in a state of alarm 

 and suspicion of eTerything, and is afraid of eve- 

 rything. If a punishment was associated witli the 

 object which caused him fear, the fear greatly in- 

 creases and the horse gi-ows more and more appre- 

 hensive, and after the punishment has been repea- 

 ted several times because lie was afraid of that 

 object, he will no longer pass any other object of 

 which he is afraid. Punishment increases fear be- 

 cause in itself it inspires dislike and fear. The 

 horse Avho has been punished because he was afraid 

 of an object is so much the more afraid when he 

 sees it again, and regards it as the cause of the 



