FEAR 269 



slightly. If in making him leap an obstacle his 

 mouth is hurt by the hand or if he is made to 

 leap over an obstacle beyond his strength or his 

 ability, and he falls, he is given an association of 

 evil in connection with leaping and acquires fear 

 and dislike for leaping. If on catching sight of an 

 obstacle which is new to him, of which he is afraid, 

 and which he does not venture to leap he is puni- 

 shed, his fear and his dislike to jumping it grows 

 so much the more, and he is rendered so much 

 the more rebellious and caused to recede. 



It is of course understood that the horse who 

 knows already how to jump and has been habi- 

 tuated to leaping over obstacles in the open coun- 

 try does not come under this head. He may be 

 punished to get him in hand and make him jump, 

 and he understands that he is punished because he 

 will not jump. He should always be given short 

 punishments, after which with conciliating words 

 and caresses the aversion produced by the punish- 

 ment should be removed, not onlv with a view 

 not to leave him in dislike of us but also not to 

 leave a bad special association of punishment con- 



