REACTIONS 303 



Subsequently the horse repeats it from remember- 

 ing that he has clone it before, that he has been 

 able to do it and when there is no apparent 

 motive the cause of the reaction is his remember- 

 ing that he has been able to make it and by its 

 means has caused ill-treatment and punishments 

 to cease and has made the rider afraid. 



His obstinately refusing to move is usually 

 caused for the first time by his mouth being hurt 

 by the hand. If, after he has stopped, the rider 

 again liurts his mouth by the hand and inflicts 

 punishments to stimulate him to go, the horse, 

 being unable to go ahead owing to being too tightly 

 held in, rears, and the rider becomes afraid and 

 entirely gives up using these aids and punishments. 

 Having thus reared for the first time and disco- 

 vered that the rider was afraid, that he stopped 

 hurting him in the moutli and inflicting on him 

 punishments for exciting him to go, the horse has 

 recourse to the action of rearing as a means of 

 stopping these inflictions of pain. His first rearing 

 was due to excitement without malice. He rears 

 afterward from reminiscence of having seen that 



