182 The Unity of the Organism 



in all its aspects. For the setting forth of facts and 

 opinions drawn from studies on regeneration, to see how 

 these bear on tin- cell doctrine, it is enough to say that 

 these views of Vochting seem not to have met with much 

 favor among biologists even as a "working hypothesis." 

 Morgan has shown conclusively the general objection to 

 them, and the language in which he expresses himself is 

 noteworthy : "Exception may be taken, I believe, to parts 

 of Vochting's conclusions, especially in the light of the re- 

 cent experiments in grafting in animals. It is by no means 

 to be granted without further demonstration that the proper- 

 ties of the whole organism are only the sum-total of the 

 action of the individual cells. If, as seems to be the case, 

 the cells are organically united into a whole, the properties 

 of this whole may be very different from the sum of the 

 properties of the individual cells, just as the properties of 

 sugar are entirely different from the sum of the properties 

 of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen." ; 



(b) As Tested by tJic Principle of Aggregation 



By the "principle of aggregation" I mean the principle 

 according to which, though a real unity of the organism 

 is rccogni/ed, that unity is held to be secondary and not 

 primary. This principle would be, as touching the cellular 

 constitution of the organism, diametrically opposed to such 

 a principle as that formulated by Lillie and quoted in the 

 previous chapter, namely that there arc properties of the 

 organism which are "part of the original inheritance, and 

 thus continuous through the cycles of the generations and 

 do not arise anew in each." 



Appeal to this principle in behalf of the cell-doctrine seems 

 to go back to Schwann, but to have received its earliest full 

 expression by Virchow and Haeckel in the "cell state" 

 conception. Mori- recently the discovery of that close co- 

 partnership between organisms of different species known as 



