378 



Glossary 



the others. The German physi- 

 ologist Max Verworm has elab- 

 orated this speculation more 

 fully than has any one else. 



BIOPHOR. Literally life carrier. 

 Biophors, the imaginary ultimate 

 vital units of the Weismannian 

 system of speculative biology, 

 differ from biogens in the fact 

 that Weismann, not being a 

 chemist or even a physiologist, 

 but a zoologist interested in re- 

 production and heredity, rather 

 than in function generally, did 

 not undertake to put his specu- 

 lation on a chemical basis. 



BIOPLASM. Formative living mat- 

 ter; not differing in any but a 

 speculative way from proto- 

 plasm. 



Bionc. Pertaining to living 

 beings. 



BLASTOGENESIS. Reproduction by 

 budding, as used in this book; 

 in general, propagation from an 

 undifferentiated germinal mass. 



BLASTOMEHES. The first segments 

 or cells formed by the division 

 of the ovum. 



BLASTOZOOIDS. The united individ- 

 uals produced by budding, and 

 constituting the colony, or cor- 

 mus in the compound ascidians. 



BLASTTJLA. The stage of develop- 

 ment of the embryo from the 

 ovum in many animals, in which 

 the organism consists of a hol- 

 low sphere the wall of which is 

 composed of a single layer of 

 cells. 



BRYOZOA. Literally "moss ani- 

 mals," from the resemblance, 

 fancied more than real, of some, 

 of the species to mosses; also 

 called Polyzoa. Marine animals 

 occurring abundantly on all 

 shores. Most of the species 

 propagate by budding as well as 

 by eggs and sperm, the bud-pro- 

 duced individuals remaining at- 

 tached to one another to form 

 colonies, as in many hydroids and 



ascidians. Each individual con- 

 sists of a body proper bearing 

 a circle of tentacles, and an en- 

 veloping case often calcareous, 

 into which the body may be 

 quickly and completely re- 

 tracted. 



CALYMMA. The much-vacuolated 

 portion of the body of radio- 

 laria, situated outside the central 

 capsule, the vacuoles containing 

 fluid impregnated with gas. The 

 main office of the structure 

 seems to be in connection with 

 the flotation of the animals. 



CAMBIUM. The layer in woody 

 plants between the outer dead 

 layer, or bark, and the inner 

 dead mass, or wood proper, from 

 which new tissue is formed; the 

 true growing part of plants 

 which live several years and at- 

 tain a large size. 



CARTESIAN PHILOSOPHY. The mode 

 of viewing man and nature in- 

 augurated in modern times by 

 Rene Descartes. The most dis- 

 tinctive thing about it is the 

 sharpness with which the dual- 

 ism, or antithesis, between mind 

 and matter stands out in it. Its 

 great practical importance for 

 the present era lies in its genetic 

 relationship to psycho-physical 

 parallelism in psychology, and to 

 all forms of idealism in philos- 

 ophy. 



CENTROLECITHAL EGGS. Eggs in 

 which the protoplasmic portion 

 and nucleus constitute a surface 

 layer, the inner mass being 

 chiefly yolk, that is food ma- 

 terial for the future embryo. 

 The eggs of most insects and 

 crustaceans are of this type. 



CEPHALIZE. The tendency among 

 animals for a head to become 

 differentiated from the rest of 

 the body. 



CHEMICAL MESSENGERS. Substances 

 produced by the organism, 

 either in special glands, the 



