CONTENTS 



PAGE 



CLASS III. LYCOPODIAI.ES 303 



Lycopodiinese 304 



Gametophyte 304 



Sporophyte 307 



Psilotinese 309 



Selaginellineae 310 



Gametophyte 311 



Sporophyte 313 



Isoetinese 315 



Fossil Pteridophytes . 319 



Bibliography 319 



CHAPTER X 

 SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-PLANTS) ; GYMNOSPERMJE 



The Seed 322 



The Flower 323 



The Gametophyte 324 



The Embryo 326 



CLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^E . . . . . . . . . 325 



Order I. Cycadales 327 



Order II. Ginkgoales 330 



Order III. Coniferse . . . . . . . . . . .331 



Order IV. Gnetales 344 



Fossil Gymnosperms 346 



Affinities of Gymnosperms 347 



Bibliography 347 



CHAPTER XI 



ANGIOSPERM.S (METASPERM.E); MONOCOTYLEDONES 



The Flower 349 



The Ovule 354 



Pollination 356 



The Embryo 358 



The Stem 360 



The Leaf 362 



The Root 363 



Structure of the Flower . . 363 



The Fruit 367 



Classification of Angiosperms 369 



SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONES 369 



Gametophyte 370 



Embryo 371 



Germination , 372 



