SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA 



337 



ledons. The lateral roots, as a rule, have more than two xylem-masses. The 

 lateral roots originate from the pericycle, the tissue lying within the endodermis, 

 and not from the endodermis itself, as among the Ferns. 



sp 



FIG. 300. A-C, Sequoia sempervirens, branch with male flowers (natural size). 

 B, flower, slightly enlarged. C, scale with three microsporangia. D, Pinus 

 insignis, pollen-spore, showing the wings, v, and the antheridial cell, an, highly 

 magnified. E, F, Taxus baccata. E, male flower (X 3). F, single sporophyll, 

 with six sporangia (X 6). GI, Picea orientalis, shoot with two male flowers, 6, 

 slightly enlarged. H, sporophyll with two sporangia (X 4). /, sporophyll from 

 below, with two empty sporangia. 



A cambium-ring is developed in the root, outside the ring of alternating 

 xylem and phloem masses of the primary bundle, and a secondary increase in 

 thickness, very much like that in the stem, is thus inaugurated. 



The Flowers 



The flower of the Co- 

 niferse, except the female 

 flower of the Taxacese, 

 consists of a strobilus, or 

 cone, comparable to that 

 found in the Equisetales 

 or Lycopodiales. Each 

 sporophyll bears one or 

 more sporangia (ovules or 

 pollen-sacs), which struct- 

 urally are much like those 

 of the Pteridophyta. 



In the Taxacese the 

 ovule is axial in origin, 

 being the transformed 

 apex of a shoot (Fig. 303). 



The male flowers (Figs. 



ma 



FIG. 301. A, B, Picea excelsa. A, female cone, 

 slightly enlarged. B, a sporophyll, seen from 

 below, with the subtending scale, sc ( X 4). C-E, 

 Pinus Halapensis. C, female cone, ready for 

 pollination (x 2). D, sporophyll, seen from be- 

 hind with subtending scale, sc (x 4). E, scale 

 from an older cone, with the two ovules, ma. 



