126 THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE 



gy. Muller's work was a masterpiece, un- 

 surpassed since the time of Haller, and 

 Richard's book enjoyed a great reputation 

 at the time ; but their successors trans- 

 port one into a new world. That which 

 characterises the new physiology is that 

 it is permeated by, and indeed based up- 

 on, conceptions which, though not wholly 

 absent, are but dawning on the minds of 

 the older writers. 



Modern physiology sets forth as its 

 chief ends : Firstly, the ascertainment of 

 the facts and conditions of cell-life in 

 general. Secondly, in composite organ- 

 isms, the analysis of the functions of 

 organs into those of the cells of which they 

 are composed. Thirdly, the explication 

 of the processes by which this local cell- 

 life is directly, or indirectly, controlled 

 and brought into relation with the life of 

 the rest of the cells which compose the 

 organism. Fourthly, the investigation of 

 the phenomena of life in general, on the 



