EUROPE BEFORE ARRIVAL OF MAN 



magnolias still mingled with maples, willows, 

 and poplars in the latitude of Lyons, but the 

 cinnamon-trees and palms became restricted to 

 Italy. Among mammalia, the first species that 

 has continued to live down to the present time, 

 namely, the African hippopotamus, appears in 

 the upper Pliocene strata of Auvergne. The 

 earliest true elephant, though of a species now 

 extinct, appears at about the same time; and 

 contemporary with him were two species of mas- 

 todon, of enormous size, a rhinoceros, a tapir, 

 two or more bears, the giant sabre-toothed lion, 

 an ancestor of the panthers and lynxes, and two 

 kinds of hygena. There were many species of 

 deer, with antlers, but for the most part unlike 

 modern deer. The ox appears first in the upper 

 Pliocene, but without horns. There were also 

 wolves, and swine, and two kinds of ape. The 

 hipparion still lived, but was becoming scarce, 

 and along with him existed a horse, less special- 

 ized in teeth and feet than the modern horse. 



Now from the fact that of these Pliocene 

 mammals every one has long since become ex- 

 tinct except the hippopotamus, Mr. Dawkins 

 again proceeds to argue that it is not likely that 

 man inhabited Europe at that period. The al- 

 leged instances, three in number, of the recur- 

 rence of human remains in Pliocene strata of 

 France and Italy he pronounces unsatisfactory ; 

 and he does not even mention the brilliant in- 

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