EUROPE BEFORE ARRIVAL OF MAN 



genera, but no species, identical with those now 

 living ; in the Pliocene there was at least one 

 species in Europe that has survived to the pre- 

 sent day. When we come to the Pleistocene 

 age, we find a majority of the species identical 

 with such as still exist. But in regard to this 

 Pleistocene fauna there are some curious circum- 

 stances, which show that the climate of Europe 

 had begun to be subject to vicissitudes such as 

 it had not known in the earlier Tertiary epochs. 

 Among the Pleistocene mammals of Europe we 

 find such as are characteristic of warm climates, 

 as the lion, leopard, hyaena, elephant, rhino- 

 ceros, and hippopotamus ; and along with 

 these we find such as characterize sub-arctic cli- 

 mates, as the musk-sheep, reindeer, glutton, 

 arctic fox, ibex, and chamois ; and yet again we 

 find such denizens of the temperate zone as the 

 bison, horse, deer, wild boar, brown and grizzly 

 bears, wolf, and rabbit, to which may be added 

 the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros. Now, as 

 Mr. James Geikie has ably shown, this singular 

 juxtaposition of northern, southern, and temper- 

 ate forms points directly to great vicissitudes of 

 climate. It is quite clear that when the reindeer 

 came down as far as southern France, the climate 

 must have been very different from what it was 

 when the hippopotamus bathed in the Thames. 

 We know otherwise, from purely geologic evi- 

 dence, that the Pleistocene climate was very 

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