EUROPE BEFORE ARRIVAL OF MAN 



latitude of Philadelphia, while glaciers descended 

 into North Carolina. The valleys of the Rocky 

 Mountains supported enormous glaciers, and the 

 same was the case in Asia with the Himalayas. 

 It was during these recurrent periods of arctic 

 cold that the reindeer and musk-sheep found 

 their way to the south of France, while over 

 land-bridges at Gibraltar and Malta the leopard 

 and elephant retreated to Africa. In the inter- 

 vals between these glacial periods, when the 

 climate became milder than it is at the present 

 day, the arctic mammals travelled northward 

 again, while the lion returned to chase the bison 

 and elk in the forests of Yorkshire. 



As the result of these prolonged and repeated 

 climatic vicissitudes, and of the complicated mi- 

 grations entailed by them, many of the Pliocene 

 mammals still living in Europe at that time have 

 become extinct, such as the gigantic beaver, 

 the cave-bear, the sabre-toothed lion, five species 

 of deer, three species of elephant, and two of 

 rhinoceros. One race of men known as the 

 " men of the river drift" had taken up their 

 abode in Europe when these great changes were 

 beginning, and struggled with the extremes of 

 climate like their enemies, the bears and hyaenas. 

 The discovery of flint knives has abundantly 

 proved that man was living near the site of 

 London before the big-nosed rhinoceros had 

 become extinct, and before the arrival of the 

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