XIV QUESTIONS ON 



645. Illustrate this by the acorn. By the fruit of birch. 



546. What other change occurs ? Illustrate by thorn-apple. 

 What is shown in figs. 418, 419, 420? 



547. Name the two parts of the fruit, and describe. 

 Name the various textures of the pericarp. 



548. Can you name instances of open pericarps ? Describe figs. 491, 492. 

 How are the seeds of fleshy fruits liberated ? 



How are those of the dry fruits usually liberated ? 

 '550. Can you name the modes of dehijcence? 



1. What is sutural dehiscence ? In what fruits seen ? 



2. What kind of dehiscence is seen in diagram 429 ? 430 ? 431 ? 

 551. What kind of dehiscence in poppy ? In henbane, etc. ? (Fig. 444.) 

 553. What singular organ is seen in caraway? (Fig. 433.) 



555. Explain the synopsis of the fruits, how fruits may be defined by it. 



556. What is an achenium ? A creinocarp ? A cypsela ? 



558. How distinguished from seeds? Show figures of each kind. 



559. What is a utricle ? Show us one, or the figure. 



560. A caryopsis ? The figure. A samara ? The figure. 



561-581. (The same questions on each kind, showing the figure, or if poa 

 sible, the very fruit.) 



CHAPTER XIV. 



582. Define the seed. What does it consist of? 



583. What is the name of the outer covering? Of the inner? 



584. What are the various textures of the testa ? Of its surface ? 



585. How distinguish the coma from the pappus ? 



Which of these, properly, is cotton ? Explain fig. 465. 



586. What occasional covering is named ? Examples. 

 Show it in nutmeg (fig. 461). In staff-tree (fig. 460). 

 What is the aril called in the seed of Polygala ? (Fig. 641.) 



588. What is the eye of the seed properly called ? 



589. When is the seed said to be albuminous ? When exalbuminous ? 



590. De'scribe the albumen. Its quantity compared with the embryo. 

 What its varieties of texture ? Show examples. 



591. What three parts of the embryo are mentioned ? 



592. Define the radicle. The plumule. The cotyledons. 

 594. How do these alternate with the albumen? 



596. How are the monocotyledons characterized? The dicotyledons? 

 How are these great classes distinguished by their leaves? 



598. Have any plants more than two cotyledons ? 

 What of fig. 466 ? Of fig. 467 ? 468 ? 469 ? 



599. What varieties in position are mentioned ? 



601. When does the seed sleep? 



What is then its condition, or state ? 



602. Give examples of the great longevity of the seed. 



603. How may seeds longest retain their vitality ? 



604. How are thistle seeds dispersed ? 



605. How are tick-seeds, etc., dispersed? The touch-me-not? 



606. How the seeds of the squirting-cucumbcr ? 



607. What the agency of rivers ? Squirrels ? Birds 



608. What is germination ? Where may we observe the process? 



610. How and why is the seed to be planted? 



611. What changes take place in the material of the seed? 



