644 ORDER 119. CUPULIFER^E. 



very dense foliage of a bright, shining green. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide 

 above, coriaceous, but mostly deciduous, very variable, but always cuneate. Cup 

 G" across, 1" deep. Apr., May. 



7 Q. iiigra L. BARREN OAK. BLACK JACK. IRON OAK. Lvs. coriaceous, cu- 

 neiform, obtuse or subcordale at base, mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes subequal, entire 

 or toothed, setaceous-mucronate when young, smooth and shining above, rust- 

 downy beneath ; villous in the axils of the veins ; cup turbinate, half covering the 

 globular nut; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious. A small, gnarled tree, with 

 dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. and S. States. Trunk 20 to 30f 

 high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3 to 

 7 to 8' by 2 to 5', broadest above, the middle lobe narrowest. Petioles 3 to 6" 

 long. May. The wood is very valuable for fuel. (Q. ferruginea MX.) 



8 Q. trfloba MX. DOWNY BLACK OAK. Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the 

 base, on very short petioles, 3-lobed at the end, rusty-tomentous beneath, lobes mu- 

 cronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer; fruit with a flat cup and a de- 

 pressed-globous acorn. A tree of rapid growth, 25 to 40f high, in the pine bar- 

 rens of N. J. to Fla. Lvs. very large, those of the young shoots 8 to 1 2' long and 

 often 5-lobed, approaching, perhaps, too closely the next. May. It has been 

 recommended for hedges. 



9. Q. Catesbssi MX. BARREN SCRUB OAK. Lvs. short-petiolate, cuneate at 

 base, deeply sinuate-lobed, glabrous on both sides, lobes 3 to 5, divaricate, acute 

 and setaceous-pointed, simple or toothed with setaceous-pointed teeth ; cup large, 

 turbinate, half covering the ovoid nut, scales obtuse, the upper inflexed. Pino 

 barrens, Car. to Ga. A tree 20 to 25f high, with large and very irregular leaves, 

 6 to 10' long and nearly as wide, smooth, at length coriaceous, deciduous. Cup 

 about 8" broad, nut covered with an ashy meal. May. 



10 Q. ilicifolia Willd. SHRUB OR SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK. Lvs. petiolate, dbo- 

 vate-cuneate, with 3 or 5 angular lobes, entire on the margin, whitish downy beneath ; 

 cup subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. A shrub, common throughout the U. S., grow- 

 ing only on gravelly hills and barrens, which it occupies exclusively in largo 

 tracts. St. 3 to 4f high, divided into numerous straggling branches. Lvs. 3 to 

 4' long, petioles 6 to 12". Acorns 6" loop, abundant, and said to bo greedily 

 eaten by bears, deer, and swine. May. (Q. Bannisteri MX.) 



ft. ? GEORGIAXA. Lvs. glabrous, except a tuft in the axils of tho veins ; cup 

 flat, covering only one-fourth of the ovoid nut. On stone Mt,, Ga. !. (Q. 

 Georgiana Ravanel.) 



11 Q. rubra L. RED OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, 

 lobes rather acute, shallow, incisely dentate; acorn large; cup shallow and flat, 

 smooth ish ; nut turgid-ovoid. The red oak is the most common species in tho 

 Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide-spreading tree, 70f in height, 

 with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves G 10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep 

 and rounded sinuses between tho narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear 

 in May, succeeded by large acorns (9" long) contained in cups so shallow as rather 

 to resemble saucers. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, 

 but excellent fuel. 



12 Q. palustris MX. PIN OAK. "WATER OAK. (Figs. 6 9.) Lvs. on long 

 petioles, oblong, deeply lobed with broad, rounded sinuses, smooth, axils of tho 

 veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup 

 flat, smooth ; acorn small, nearly spherical. The pin oak is most luxuriant in the 

 "VV. States, and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in N. Eng., growing in 

 swamps and cold, clay soils. Height GO to 80f, with a diameter of 2 to 4, and 

 light, open foliage. Bark blackish. Leaf lobes narrower than the spaces between. 

 Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns 7" long, round, in shal- 

 low cups. May. 



13 Q. falcata L. SPANISH OAK. Lvs. long-petiolate, elongated, obtuse or 

 rounded at base, ashy-tomentous beneath, deeply sinuate lobed, lobes 5 to 7, 

 rarely 3, narrow, bristle-pointed, simple or toothed, more or less falcate ; acorn 

 small, roughened, globular, cup shallow, subsessile, its margin incurved. Ya. to 

 Fla., in the lower districts. A tree of large dimensions, GO to 7 Of high, most 

 flourishing in Mid. Fla. Lvs. 5 to 6' long, on vigorous shoots much larger, peti* 



