ORDER 127. CONIFERS. C61 



and scaly bark, gnarled spreading branches, 20 to 30f high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long-, 

 cones finally 2 to 3' long, the spines fully 3'' long, the points hooked. In the 

 young cones the spines aro projecting, with the points hooked. Branchlets bluish 

 red. Resembles the next. 



7 P. inops Ait. JERSEY or SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, 

 channeled above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate; cones recurved, 

 ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves ; scales compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, 

 subulate prickle. A tree 15 25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches 

 straggling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Branchlets 

 glaucous. Leaves 1 2' long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 



8 P. resinosa AIT. NORWAY PIKE. RED PIKE. Lvs. in pairs, channeled elon- 

 gated, with elongated sheaths ; cones ovoid-conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, 

 about half as long as the Ivs. ; scales without spines, dilated in the middle. It 

 abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the height 

 of SOf, with a trunk of 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother, 

 and of a clearer red than other pines. Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends 

 of the branches, always in pairs, 5 8' in length, the sheaths G to 12". Timber 

 fine-grained, resinous, strong and durable. May. (P. rubra, MX.) 



9 P. Banksiana Lambert. SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, short, 

 acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous ; 

 cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous, longer than the Ivs., scales without 

 spines, obtuse, smooth. A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible branches, 

 abounding in barrens, in Me. to Wis. and British America. Leaves about an inch 

 in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. Apr., May. 

 (P. ruprestris MX.) 



2. A'BIES, Tourn. SPRUCE FIR. $ Aments axillary, clustered to 

 wards the ends of the branches *, $ scales of the cone thin, flat, not 

 thickened nor spine-pointed at the end ; seeds with a persistent wing ; 

 cotyledons 3 to 9. Trees with evergreen, solitary, scattered Ivs. never 

 sheathed at base. (Fig. 46, S.) 



Cones erect, bracts conspicuous with the scales. Leaves flat, whitened beneath .... Nos. 1, 2 



Cones pendant, bracts inconspicuous. Scales rounded and entire at tip. Nos. 3, 4 



Scales eroded or dentate at tip Nos. 5, 6 



1 A. balsamea Marshall FIR BALSAM. Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous-silvery 

 beneath ; cones cylindric, large (3 to 4' long) ; scales broad, compact ; bracts obovate, 

 mucronate, slightly projecting. A beautiful evergreen, common in humid forests of 

 the northern U. S. and Can. Branches nearly horizontal, gradually becoming 

 shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The Ivs. are little longer 

 than those of the hemlock (8 to 10" long) spirally arranged, bright green above, 

 silvery white beneath. Cones 1' thick, bluish purple when growing. Bark 

 smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or. balsam which is considered 

 a valuable medicine. May. (Pinus, L. Picea MX.) 



2 A. Fraseri Ph. DOUBLE FIB BALSAM. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear^ 

 often emarginate, subsecund, erect above; cone ovoid-oblong, erect, very small! 

 bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely 

 toothed. Smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, in Mts. K Eng. 

 to Car. Lvs. 3" long, and much crowded. Cones 1 to 2' long when mature, sin- 

 gularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. Sterilo 

 amenta terminal May. A highly ornamented shade tree. 



3 A. Canadensis MX. HEMLOCK. Lvs. linear, fiat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous 

 beneath, in 2 rows ; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the kaves ; scales 

 rounded, entire. A well known evergreen inhabitant of rocky, mountainous 

 woods Brit. Am. to Car. and Wis., commonly attaining the height of 10 SOf. The 

 trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brit- 

 tle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 8" in length, less 

 than 1" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. Wood soft, 

 elastic, cf a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber. The bark is ex- 

 tensively used in tanning. May. (Pinus, L.) 



4 A. alba MX. WHITE OR SINGLE SPRUCE. Lvs. &-sided, incurved; cones lax, 



