NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES 141 



northern Mexico, and north into Alaska and Canada. The 

 barren-ground grizzly is the type of subarctic western Canada; 

 the big brown bears are found along the coast from northern 

 British Columbia to and including the entire Alaskan Penin- 

 sula, but not to the exclusion of the grizzly -bear forms. From 

 an economic point of view the grizzly bear is regarded as a 

 destroyer of game and more especially is disliked on account 

 of its depredations against livestock, or, recently in northern 

 Alaska, against the reindeer herds. On the other hand, it 

 helps keep down the increase of certain burrowing ground 

 squirrels, and in parts of the North its intestines are used in 

 making clothing. Its present value to human beings may well 

 be largely an esthetic and recreational one. To an increasing 

 number of persons who enjoy the sight of large wild animals or 

 the thrill of photographing them, these bears can not fail to 

 give much pleasure, while to the naturalist and to the sports- 

 man they are a source of interest. The money brought in to 

 the parts of the country where they are pursued is a substan- 

 tial help to the local population. 



GRIZZLY BEAR 



URSUS HORRIBILIS HORRIBIUS Ord 



Ursus horribilis Ord, Guthrie's Geography, 2d Amer. ed., pp. 291, 300, 1815 ("Mis- 

 souri River, a little above mouth of Poplar River, northeastern Montana, " fide 

 Merriam). 



SYNONYMS: For a full list of the names applied to grizzly bears see Merriam, 1918. 



FIGS.: Audubon and Bachman, 1854, Quadrupeds of North America, vol. 3, pi. 131; 

 Baird, 1857, pis. 41, 42 (skull and teeth) ; Nelson, 1916, p. 442 (col. fig.) ; Merriam, 

 1918, pis. 1-16 (living animal and skulls). 



Merriam (1918) writes that "the differences between the 

 grizzlies on the one hand and the big brown bears on the other 

 are neither so great nor so constant as at one time believed 

 . . . The typical brown bears differ from the typical 

 grizzlies in peculiarities of color, claws, skull, and teeth. The 

 color of the former is more uniform, with less of the surface 

 grizzling due to admixture of pale-tipped hairs; the claws are 

 shorter, more curved, darker, and scurfy instead of smooth; 

 the skull is more massive; the fourth lower premolar is conical, 

 lacking the sulca^e heel of the true grizzlies. But these are 

 average differences, not one of which holds true throughout the 

 group." 



