284 EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



tion, wolves would probably get most of the deer in such 

 regions. A hundred years ago, says Dr. R. M. Anderson 

 (1939a), "deer were said to be very seldom seen north of the 

 Ottawa River." Within the past 50 or 75 years, however, 

 considerable changes have taken place. Wolves are gone 

 south of the St. Lawrence River, and even to the northward 

 are much reduced in Quebec, so that they hardly form a 

 deterrent to the spread of deer. Furthermore, with the in- 

 tensive lumbering industry in New Brunswick, northern 

 Maine, Michigan, and Wisconsin, areas of primeval spruce 

 and white-pine forest have been cleared, with a consequent 

 springing up of a great sprout growth of deciduous trees, which 

 afforded cover and abundant food. These two factors have 

 probably contributed in great part to the spread northward of 

 this deer over Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, 

 and southern Quebec, until "in 1930 a deer was taken in 

 Abitibi River district within one hundred miles of James Bay" 

 (R. M. Anderson, 1939a). Deer have been introduced and are 

 thriving on Anticosti Island. They are common in northern 

 Michigan, northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota and the 

 adjacent parts of Canada as in Quetico Park (Cahn, 1937), 

 where, though some are killed by wolves during winter, "such 

 depredations are not at all serious." 



In his map of the distribution of eastern races of the Vir- 

 ginia deer, Cory (1912, p. 66) shows as blank areas from which 

 the deer is "now practically extinct," western New York, 

 northwestern Pennsylvania, practically all of Ohio, Indiana, 

 and Illinois, the southern third of Michigan and Wisconsin, 

 all of Iowa, the southern third of Minnesota, and a part of 

 northern Missouri. Over much of this area it has in recent 

 years come back. According to Dr. M. W. Lyon, Jr. (1936), 

 deer at the present time are extinct in Indiana, where in pioneer 

 days they were abundant. "The last stand of the deer in the 

 state was in the northwest in the Kankakee region and in 

 Knox County," where the last wild deer were seen near Red 

 Cloud in 1893. Probably the estimate of 400 deer in the 

 State given by the Government census in 1939 requires con- 

 firmation, but indicates a very recent return. Hollister, writing 

 in 1908, says that the last wild deer were exterminated in 

 southeastern Wisconsin nearly 60 years before. In Walworth 

 County, where they were abundant a century ago, they rapidly 



