EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



and forests of Idaho and Montana they are still abundant in 

 favorable locations but over much of their ranges they are 

 doomed to be crowded out by settlements, or killed by preda- 

 tory animals as they gather on winter ranges and are easily 

 pulled down by coyotes and dogs in the deep snows." Bailey 

 (1918) has given a further account of this deer in Glacier 

 National Park (under 0. v. macrourus) where it is abundant 

 and protected. In extreme northeastern California, it was 

 evidently at one time common in Modoc County but apparently 

 now is no longer so. Grinnell (1933) gives as "a late definite 

 record" one taken in extreme eastern Lassen County in 

 January, 1922. On the eastern slopes of the Cascade Moun- 

 tains in Oregon and Washington this race seems still to be 

 common. 



Estimates of white-tailed deer populations for the States in 

 which this race occurs are given by the U. S. Biological Survey 

 for 1939 as follows: Idaho, 10,000; Montana, 24,000; Oregon, 

 not given; Washington, 7,500. 



By Executive Order in 1939 a Federal refuge for this deer 

 and other forms of wildlife was established in Stevens and 

 Pend Oreille Counties, Washington. It will contain eventu- 

 ally about 65,000 acres and is well adapted to the management 

 of these deer, since they spend the spring and summer in the 

 mountains and the autumn and winter in the lowlands of the 

 area. The need for such a refuge has for some time been urged 

 because the deer have become locally much limited through 

 the operations of farming and logging. 



PACIFIC WHITE-TAILED DEER; COASTAL WHITE-TAILED DEER; 

 "TIDELAND DEER"; "COTTONTAIL DEER" 



ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS LEUCURUS (Douglas) 



Cervus leucurus Douglas, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 330, 1829 (Lower Columbia River, 

 Oregon; description based on examples from Falls of the Willamette and mouth 

 of the Columbia). 



FIGS.: Bailey, V., 1936, pi. 23, fig. A (antlered skull); Scheffer, 1940, p. 275 (photo- 

 graphs of a doe). 



This is the only race of white-tailed deer to reach the Pacific 

 coast of the United States. 



Small in size, standing about 3 feet 5 inches at the shoulder, 

 and characterized by its small delicate antlers, this is likewise 

 a darker race than ochrourus, its nearest neighbor, an appear- 



