Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 91 



roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the surface and beneath. 

 Outliving most other fodder-plants at its native places, it becomes 

 available for cattle- and horse-food particularly in the cold of 

 winter, and is held to be singularly invigorating to pasture-animals. 



Carex pumila, Thunberg. 



Eastern Asia and Australia, New Zealand and South-America. 

 Helps to bind the coast-sand there. 



Carica Candamarcensis, Morren. 



Andes of Ecuador up to an elevation of about 9,000 feet [Prof. 

 Jameson^. A small slender tree. Fruit to nine inches long' and 

 sometimes nearly as broad, edible and wholesome, of delicious scent 

 and grateful taste [Sir Jos. Hooker]. Other large-fruited Caricas 

 occur in andine regions, comprised under the vernacular name 

 Camburu [Spruce]. Their cultural rearing seems possible in frost- 

 less regions only. Fruit used raw or cooked. 



Carica Papaya, Linne. 



West-Indies and Mexico to Peru. Cultivated northward still in 

 some parts of Florida, elsewhere, to 32 K [A. de Candolle]. The 

 Papaw-tree. A small often branchless tree of short vitality, only 

 tit for regions not subject to frost. Bears enormously in Eastern 

 sub-tropic Australia, producing fruits occasionally of 4 Ibs. weight 

 near Keppel-Bay [J. S. Edgar]. Fruit generally of the size of a 

 small lemon; eaten boiled or preserved in sugar or pickled in 

 vinegar [Sir James Smith]. Fresh seeds germinate readily. The 

 acrid milky juice of the tree, much diluted with water, renders any 

 tough meat, washed with it, tender for cooking purposes by separ- 

 ating the muscular fibres [Dr. Holder]. Merely wrapping the 

 meat in the Papaw-leaves will often suffice. Drs. Boucher and 

 Wurtz have successfully introduced the Papaya-sap against Diph- 

 theria ; further the juice has been administered as a vegetable 

 pepsin and as an anthelmintic. Dr. Th. Belgrave has pointed out 

 the great importance of this plant as a galactogogue. Fruits ripen 

 successively. 



Carissa Arduina, Lamarck. 



South-Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted 

 for boundary-lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is not an 

 object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. Meyer) and C. 

 grandiflora (A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal value. The 

 fruit of the latter is largely used for jam and as such quite whole- 

 some [Bernays]. The East- Australian C. Brownii (F. von Mueller) 

 can be similarly utilised. The flowers of all are very fragrant. 

 C. Carandas (Linne) extends from India to China ; its berries are 

 edible ; it is also a strong hedge-plant. 



