212 Select Plants for Industrial Culture and 



Fraxinus nigra. Marsh. (F. sambucifolia, Lauiarck.) 



Black or Water- Ash of Eastern North- America. Attains a height 

 of 80 feet Requires deep loose soil and humidity, but is indifferent 

 to drainage [Fernow]. Wood still more tough and elastic than 

 that of F. Americana, but less durable when exposed ; easily split 

 into thin layers for basket-work ; it is also comparatively rich in 

 potash, like that of most of its congeners ; for oars and implements 

 it is inferior to that of the White Ash [Simmonds ; much used 

 locally by wagon-builders [Ransom e] . 



Fraxinus Ores ana, Nuttall. 



California- and Oregon -Ash. A tree, reaching 80 feet in height, 

 preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this fine species 

 is nearly white, very tough and durable, often used for oars and 

 handles of implements, also in carriage-building, cooperage and 

 manufacture of furniture. Though allied to F. nigra, this ash is 

 superior as a timber- tree. Ash-trees will grow readily in the 

 shade of other trees. 



Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. 



The Manna- Ash of the Mediterranean regions, extending to 

 Austria and Switzerland. Height about 30 feet. Hardy still at 

 Christiania. It yields the medicinal manna by incisions into the 

 bark, which are done only on one side of the stem each year. F. 

 Ornus is well adapted for a promenade-tree, and is earlier in foliage 

 than F. excelsior, F. Americana and most other Ash-trees. 



Fraxinus quadrangnlata, Michaux.* 



The Blue Ash of North- America, indigenous from Michigan to 

 Tennessee. One of the tallest of the Ashes, becoming 70 feet high. 

 Timber excellent, better than that of any other American species 

 except the White Ash, hence frequently in use for flooring and 

 shingles and carriage-building ; it is the most durable of its kind, 

 when exposed to alternate dryness and moisture [B. E. Fernow]. 

 The inner bark furnishes a blue dye. The tree requires a rather 

 mild clime and the most fertile soil. 



Fraxinus viridis, Michaux. 



The Green Ash of Eastern North -America. Height reaching 

 70 feet. Less dependent on humidity than many other species. 

 Wood excellent, nearly as valuable as that of the White Ash, but 

 of less dimensions. The tree requires shady woodlands. Especially 

 recommended for street-planting by Dr. J. Warder. This species, 

 like the preceding, is hardy as far north as Christiana in Norway 

 [Schuebeler]. Rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska 

 30 inches in 22 years [Furnas]. 



