264 Select Plants for Industrial Culture and 



Iiupinus arboreus, Sims.* 



California. This has been used there for reclamation on sand, 

 on account of its long tap-roots, the latter having been traced to a 

 depth of 25 feet, while the stems were only 3 feet high. The ger- 

 mination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand-dunes. For 

 aiding the young lupines during the first two months, to get hold 

 of the sand, barley is sown with them, as the latter sprouts in a 

 few days and holds the sand in the second week; the lupine sub- 

 sequently covers the sand with a dense vegetation in less than 

 a year. 



ZiUpinus Dougrlasii, Agardh. 



Oregon and California. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 56 . This 

 somewhat woody species can be used for binding sand with L. 

 Chamissonis, Kscholtz (L. albifrons, Bentham) and many perennial 

 lupines from other countries. 



Xiupinus luteus, Linne.* 



The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the 

 Mediterranean Sea. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70 

 [Schuebeler], This annual species is predominantly in use as 

 green manure through Middle Europe, to improve sandy soil ; it is 

 the best of all yet tested, and will do even on coast-drifts. It 

 can also be employed like some other lupines as a fodder-herb, 

 green as well as for hay ; some lupines are also very valuable as 

 pasture-herbs. Lupin-seeds are very fattening, when used as an 

 addition to ordinary fodder, and are in this respect quite equal to 

 oil-cake, while the foliage is said to be not inferior to that of clover 

 and more bulky. Nevertheless some lupines have proved poisonous 

 to sheep. About 90 Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre. 

 Langethal observes : "What the Sainfoin does for the poorest 

 limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries out for 

 sand-land. " Lupines are not adapted for wet or moory ground, 

 nor for limestone-formations, where most other leguminous fodder- 

 plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow-flowering 

 lupine, which sometimes in the Azores attains a height of 12 feet 

 in three months. 



Xiupinus varius, Linne. 



The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like the 

 above species ; but a few others are under cultivation as Blue 

 Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Calif omian species, 

 are regarded even as superior to the Mediterranean kinds for 

 agrarian purposes. 



Iiycium Afruzn, Linne. 



Africa and South-Western Asia. "The Caffir-Thorn." Can 

 with many other species be utilized as a hedge-bush. It is almost 

 evergreen, fiercely spiny, easily raised from seeds, readily trans- 



