Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Countries. 345 



Pinus australis, Michaux.* 



Southern Pine, also called Hard Pine, Georgian, Yellow Pitch- 

 Pine. Long-leaved Yellow or Broom-Pine. Southern States of 

 North- America. On sandy soil, constituting the main tree- vegeta- 

 tion on the " Pine-Barrens." The tree attains a height of about 

 100 feet, requires soil open to a great depth, and follows the 

 " stratified drifts," consisting of gravel, sand and clay [Prof. Mohr]. 

 Requires a long period of growth for full development [Farlow]. 

 One of the least shade-enduring of all pines. It furnishes a 

 superior timber for furniture and building, also for naval archi- 

 tecture, railway-ties and flooring, particularly eligible also for very 

 tall flagstaifs ; thus yields the principal yellow pine-wood of the 

 lumber-trade. The wood is compact, straight-grained, very 

 durable, of delicate shades of yellow and brown [C. Mohr], and 

 has only a slight layer of sap wood. The tree is not so quick of 

 growth as many other pines. According to Dr. Little, the tree 

 produces 30,000 feet of first-class timber per acre. It is this 

 species, which yields largely the American turpentine, as well as 

 resin, pitch and tar. Great Britain in 1884 imported 23,000 tons 

 oil of turpentine, value 560,000, and 73,500 tons resin, value 

 376,000 : in 1889 the quantity was 20,200 tons oil of turpentine, 

 value 663,000, and 66,800 tons of resin, value 291,000 ; by far 

 the greatest portion of these two articles came from the United 

 States, where P. Australis would yield a large share. The resin 

 is fragrant. A solution of the oil, distilled from the turpentine in 

 alcohol, is known as camphin. The turpentine is obtained by 

 removing in spring and summer strips of bark, by chipping and 

 collecting the effluence into appropriate boxes particularly applied. 

 The first yield is the best ; in the fourth year the tree becomes 

 exhausted [Prof. C. Mohr]. The average annual yield during this 

 time is 20 Ibs. Porcher observes, that the tree shoots up devoid of 

 branches for sometimes as much as 60 feet, and he calls it " one of 

 the greatest gifts of God to man." The tree prevails, according to 

 C. Mohr, where the silicous constituents of the drift-soil mingle 

 with the outcrops of tertiary strata, and he observes, that forests 

 of this pine cause grateful showers with wonderful regularity 

 through all seasons. The emanations from pines, particularly the 

 very resinous species, are antimalarian and antiseptic, as proved by 

 residences near pine-forests, and by the use of hospital-buildings 

 constructed of pine-wood. The so-called pine-wool, much prepared 

 from the leaves of this species, has recently came into use for 

 select mats [,T. R. Jackson]. P. palustris (Miller) is by far the 

 oldest name, but quite inappropiate. 



Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon). 



In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent 

 pine, to 150 feet high, with a stem-diameter of three to four feet. 

 It has the habit of P. excelsa, and is equal to it in its own line of 

 beauty [Beecher] and in hardiness, yielding a much-esteemed 



