Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Countries. 347 



counted. Can be kept trimmed for hedges. Next to P. Strobns 

 it is the highest pine of the Eastern States of North- America. The 

 tree is extremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much 

 used as a tanning material, containing 9 to 14 per cent, tannin. 

 Ramspacher's analyses have given a still higher result. Bark is 

 much liked as an admixture to oak-bark for particular leathers of 

 great toughness, wearing' strength and resistance to water. The 

 extract of the bark for tanning fetches in the London market from 

 16 to 18 a ton, and is imported to the extent of 6,000 tons a 

 year ; the bark is stripped oft' during the summer months ; it is of 

 medicinal value also. The young shoots are used in making spruce- 

 beer. P. Caroliiiiensis is the Hemlock-spruce of Carolina. 



Finns Canariensis, C. Smith. * 



Canary-Pine. Canary-Islands, forming large forests at an eleva- 

 tion of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree, reaching a height of 80 feet, 

 with a resinous, durable, very heavy wood, not readily attacked by 

 insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of growth. 

 Will endure an occasional shade-temperature of 118" F. [W. I. 

 Winter]. Growth in height at Port Phillip 45 .50 feet in 20 

 years. 



Pinus Cedrus, Linne.* 



Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas-variety on the 

 mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North- Africa and 

 Cyprus ; the var. C. Atlantica at elevations of a few or several 

 thousand feet. The tree grows to a height of about 100 feet, with 

 a heavy trunk sometimes 46 feet in circumference [Booth] and 

 attains a very great age. Groeppert and Hussegger allot to Lebanon- 

 Cedars an age reaching to the commencement of the Christian era. 

 The wood is of a light reddish color, soft, almost inodorous, easy 

 to work, and much-esteemed for its durability. 



Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara.* 



Deodar-Cedar. On the north-western Himalaya-Mountains, also 

 in Afghanistan, 3,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A majestic 

 tree, reaching a height of more than 300 feet, and sometimes over 

 40 feet in circumference of stem. The wood is of a light-yellow 

 color, very close-grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably 

 scented, light, extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a 

 changeable clime, and furnishes one of the best building-timbers 

 known. Pillars of Kashmir-mosques, made of this wood, found 

 sound after 400 years, and bridges of still greater antiquity are in 

 existence. White ants hardly ever attack the heartwood. Boats 

 built of this wood have lasted about 40 years. It is also extensively 

 used for canal-edges and for railways. The trees should not be 

 felled too young. It yields a good deal of resin and turpentine. A 

 humid clime very much accelerates the growth of this pine, which 

 would come best and quickest to its development in forest-ranges. 



