Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Countries. 349 



as a shelter-tree in stormy localities. Dr. Gibbons remarks of this 

 pine, which vernacularly is called Tamarak or Hack-me-tack, that 

 its size has generally been underrated. At the foot of the Sierra 

 and on mountains 8,000 feet high he saw it in great numbers, form- 

 ing one of the most stately of forest-pines, not rarely attaining a 

 height of 150 feet and 4 feet in stem-diameter. The timber is 

 pale, straight-grained and very light ; there considered the best and 

 most durable material for dams and for general building' purposes. 

 It furnishes sea-ports with piles and masts ; yields also railway- 

 ties. Its value is beyond calculation. Dr. G. Dawson notes, that 

 the cambium-layer is so saccharine, as to afford food to the autoch- 

 thones. 



California, on the eastern slope of the coast-rang'e, at elevations 

 from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a 

 height of about 100 feet, with a trunk about 4 feet in diameter ; 

 with P. Ayacahuite, P. Montezurnse, P. Lambertiana, P. Sabineana 

 and P. excel sa it has the largest cones of all pines, comparable in 

 size and form to sugar-loaves. The nuts are nutritious. Wood 

 brittle. 



Finns Cubensis, Grisebach.* (P. Elliottii, Engeluaann.) 



Swamp-Pine, Slash- or Bastard-Pine. Higher mountains of 

 Cuba, also in the Southern States of Eastern North-America., 

 Allied to P. Taeda. Likes moist, sandy, flat lands. Height of tree 

 to 120 feet, of clear stem to 70 feet ; growth comparatively quick, 

 overpowering P. australis, Yields some turpentine and resin [Prof. 

 C. Mohr]. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough and 

 durable, hardly inferior to that of P. australis [Colman]. P. Baha- 

 mensis Grisebach] is a closely cognate Pine, restricted to the 

 Bahamas. 



Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zticcarini. 



The " Akamatsu-Pine " of Japan, where it forms along with P. 

 Thunbergi extensive forests at 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea-level. 

 It is hardy at Christiania. Attains an age of several centuries 

 [Rein] . Height to about 100 feet ; stem finally very stout. The 

 timber is excellent for building ; it is less resinous than that of 

 P. Thunbergi [Dupont]. 



Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.* 



Oregon-Pine or Fir, called also the Yellow Pine or Fir of Puget- 

 Sound, where it yields the principal timber for export, and is there- 

 fore of great commercial value in the lumber-trade. It extends 

 from Vancouver's Island and the Columbia-River through Cali- 

 fornia to Northern Mexico from the coast up the mountains to 9,000 

 feet altitude. The maximum-height known is nearly 300 feet ; the 



