Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 357 



pine. The only species of Pinus, which extend south of the equator. 

 Closely related to P. Massoniana. Wood exceedingly resinous 

 [Brandis] ; stems valuable for masts and spars, according to Mr. 

 Gramble. Weight of wood about 50 Ibs. per cubic foot. The resin 

 of this pine resembles Damar [Wiesner]. 



Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard. 



Western Hemlock- Spruce. North- Western America. Of un- 

 usually quick growth, even on poor soil in the cool climes congenial 

 to this tree. The wood is pale, tough and very soft, but is often 

 used for building. This fir gains a height of about 200 feet, with a 

 stem 4 to 6 feet in diameter ; the bark is in great repute for tanning ; 

 the roots yield strong fibres, even for seines and nets ; the tender 

 sprigs are the characteristic ingredient, required for making spruce- 

 beer locally ; the tree yields also much resin [Dr. Kellogg], Though 

 naturally so tall a tree, it can young be trained and trimmed to the 

 best of garden-hedges of a lovely green [Prof. Bolander]. 



Pinus mitis, Michaux.* 



Yellow Pine of Eastern North- America, extending to Missouri 

 and Texas, called also Short- leaved Pine, in contrast to P. australis. 

 In dry sandy and more particularly somewhat clayey soil attaining 

 a height of about 90 feet ; eligible for rocky ridges. Wood yellow- 

 ish, compact, hard, durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous, valu- 

 able for flooring, cabinet-work and ship-building, and even for 

 rail way- sleepers. Much exported from Florida [Gr. Damkoehler]. 

 According to Dr. Vasey it commands a higher price even than that 

 of P. Strobus. The seeds are smaller than those of other North- 

 East American true pines, hence easier of transit in quantity 

 [Meehan]. All points taken together probably with P. Cubensis 

 the best pine for future forestry in the Southern States of North- 

 America [Hon. J. Coleman], an opinion of which advantage should 

 be taken in the Victorian clime. 



Pinus monophylla, Torrey. 



Stone- or Nut-Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and Cas- 

 cade-Mountains, up to 6,500 feet. Never very tall. It thrives best 

 on dry limestone-soil. The large seeds are edible, of almond-like 

 taste, and consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree 

 generally about 35 feet, but occasionally as much as 80 feet ; stem 

 not of great thickness. This species is not of quick growth. Wood 

 pale, soft, very resinous, much used for charcoal. 



Pinus montana, Du Eoi. (P. pumilio, Hsenke.) 



On the Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, also in Greece, up to the 

 highest point of woody vegetation, covering large tracts, and 

 thriving on the poorest soil. In Norway it will live to lat. 70 4' 

 [Schuebeler]. This pine grows to about 25 feet high, but in favor- 

 able localities to 50 ; it yields much oil of turpentine. The wood 



