Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Countries. 39S^\ 



Hillenmeyer recommends slack-lime brushings over stems and 

 branches of apple-trees against lichens, mosses and against diseases 

 produced by growth of minute fungaceous parasites. Succulent 

 apples contain about 70 per cent, of juice, a remark which may 

 serve in calculating the yield of cider. Nearly 300 million gallons 

 of cider were produced in 1887 in Northern France. A pleasant 

 and wholesome beverage is easily prepared by boiling 2 Ibs. of 

 apples in some water till disintegrated, increasing the fluid by hot 

 water to 1 gallon, and adding about 1 Ib. of sugar and after cooling 

 a little yeast ; strain when fermentation is well advanced, and 

 bottle off lightly corked ; it will be ready in two days and will keep 

 for a week (Journ. Soc. Arts, Sept., 1887). Wood-wool from soft 

 pine-wood is the best packing material for fresh fruit on long 

 transit, by virtue of lightness, elasticity, airiness and antisceptic 

 property. The best dried apples and similar fruits are obtained by 

 submitting them, according to the new American method, to a blast 

 of cold air. Mr. E. Hoesch has adopted the use of pure sulphurous 

 dioxyde of lime in a weak solution, for dipping into it fruits or 

 vegetables to be dried, with a view of preventing their turning dark 

 by the exsiccation-process [See Wiener Garten- Zeitung, 1890, p. 

 189-192]. The United States sent to England in the season 1880-1 

 about 1,350,000 barrels of apples, irrespective of the large quantity 

 sent by Canada. Latterly the value of American apples imported 

 into Britain has amounted to two millions sterling a year. 



Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin. 



The Snow-Pear. Middle and Southern Europe. This would be 

 adapted for orchards in higher mountain-regions. The fruit be- 

 comes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygdaliformis 

 (Villars) or P. Kotschyana (Boissier) is probably the wild state of 

 this tree. Pear-cider is often made of the fruit of this species 

 also. 



Pyrus rivularis, Douglas. 



The Crabapple-tree of North- Western America. Fruit prized by 

 the aborigines for food [G. Dawson] ; likely amenable to cultural 

 improvements. Dr. C. Koch draws attention to the probable 

 identity of P. Toringo (Siebold) from Japan. 



Pyrus salicifolia, Linne. 



Greece, Turkey, Persia, South-Western Russia. Hardy at 

 Christiania. Though its fruit, which softens slowly, is edible, this 

 tree is mainly utilised as a superior stock for grafting. 



Pyrns Sorbus, Gaertner. 



Countries at the Mediterranean Sea in mountain-regions. 

 Finally a conspicuous tree, with a stem occasionally of 12 feet 



