402 . Select Plants for Industrial Culture and 



Quercus Chinensis, Bunge. 



Northern China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen 

 oaks. 



Quercus chrysolepls, Liebmann * 



The Live-Oak of California. This evergreen oak attains a height 

 of fully 100 feet, with a stem-diameter of 10 feet towards the base ; 

 spread of branches occasionally 150 feet [Prof. Brewer]. Supplies 

 the hardest oak-wood ou the Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes, 

 that it holds a primary rank among Californian forest-trees, but is 

 of sparse occurrence ; in suitable soil on the sides of mountains 

 it is of giant-growth, spreading out in magnificent proportions. In 

 toughness and density of wood it represents the live-oak of Florida, 

 being thus highly useful to implement-makers, wheelwrights and 

 machinists ; the ivory-like appearance of the wood befits it particu- 

 larly for inlaying [Dr. Kellogg]. The Californian State-Board for 

 Forestry records, that as naval building material the wood has 

 hardly its equal. In California one particular of its Tan-Oaks, 

 probably Q. densiflora, furnished latterly about 30,000 cords of bark 

 annually. 



Quercus coccifera, Linne. 



The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South-Europe, North-Africa and 

 South-Western Asia. So called from the red dye, furnished by 

 the Coccus ilicis from this oak. It also supplies tanners' bark, 

 containing about 8 per cent, tannin [Muspratt], 15 per cent, 

 [T. Christy]. The tree likes rich woodlands. 



Quercus coccinea. Wangenheim.* 



The Black Oak of Eastern North-America. Height to about 

 100 feet ; stem-diameter to 5 feet. Foliage deciduous ; its autumn 

 tint magnificent. The tree thrives best in rich woodlands and 

 moist soil. The timber is almost as durable as that of the white 

 oak, and in use for flooring and other carpenters' work. Rate of 

 growth about the same as that of the red oak. The yellow dye, 

 known as quercitron, comes from this tree ; it is much more 

 powerful than that of woad [Bancroft], With alumina the tinge 

 of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with 

 oxyde of iron it is drab [Porcher], Q. velutina (Lamarck) or 

 Q tinctoria (Bartram) has been called a variety of this. According 

 to Sargent, it produces timber of close grain and great durability, 

 utilised for carriage-building, cooperage and various constructions ; 

 the bitter inner bark yields a yellow dye. The bark of the variety 

 called scarlet oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the 

 black oak [Meehan], Bark contains about 8 per cent, of tannic 

 acid. Dr. Engelmann found the black oaks twice as rapid in 

 growth as the white oaks of the United States. Bartram's oak 

 (Q. heterophylla) is according to him, a hybrid between the willow- 

 oak and scarlet oak. Hybrid oaks produce acorns capable of 

 germination. 



