Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 423 



naturalised ; for instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria 

 communis, Parmelia sordida, Isidium corallinum and some others, 

 which furnish the Cudbear or Persio. 



Rosa alba, Linne. 



Europe, Western Asia. Can be held specifically apart from 

 R. canina. According to recent researches of Dr. G. Dieck, at 

 Merseburg, a scented variety of this species serves also for oil- 

 distillation at the Balkan. Roses for Attar should only be just 

 unfolding, should be collected at the earliest morning-hours, and 

 at once submitted to distillation. Of the white and damascene 

 Rose, the calyx is left with the petals. [Dr. Dieck]. Mr. Schim- 

 mel's fields of oil-roses near Leipzig, commenced in 1884, for steam- 

 distillation of rose-oil, cover now about 120 acres, furnishing 

 annually 175,000 to 220,000 Ibs. of roses, which yield from 25 to 

 45 Ibs. pure oil. This is now sent out free of stearopten, therefore 

 always in a liquid state at ordinary temperatures, such oil being 

 of most concentrated scent, superior to any hitherto purchasable. 

 The particular rose-plants, fit for oil-production, come well through 

 the hard and protracted winters of Saxony. The price of Turkish 

 rose-oil ranges generally from 15 to 16 per pound. 



Rosa canina, Linne. 



The " Dog-Rose," Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North- 

 Africa. Furnishes one of the best stocks, on which hybrid Roses 

 can be budded. This species attains a very great age ; the famed 

 and sacred rose at the cathedral of Hildesheim existed before that 

 edifice was built, therefore before the ninth century [Langethal]. 

 It is the "Rose-tree of thousand years age;" it is regarded with 

 undimimshed veneration still at the present day, and continues to 

 flourish. Historic records prove as well* as legends and tradition, 

 that in 815 the Emperor Ludwig, the son of Charles the Great, 

 caused the partly still existing chapel to be built in commemoration 

 of an event connected with this identical plant. [Heuzenroeder] . 

 Mr. Niemann of Petersburg recommends for stock a rose which 

 is according to Dr. Regel R. cinnamomea (Linne), while Mr. O. 

 Froebel, of Zuerich, has lately lauded for this purpose a rose, which 

 probably is R. canina var. caucasica. Mr. Th. Nietner, of Potsdam, 

 has just issued an index of 5,000 kinds of Garden-Roses. 



Rosa centifolia, Linne.* 



The Cabbage- Rose, Moss-Rose, Provence-Rose. Indigenous on 

 the Caucasus and seemingly also in other parts of the Orient, or 

 originated rather as a garden-form from Rosa Gallica [Regel, 

 Crepin]. It will endure the frosts of Norway as far north as lat. 

 70 [Schuebeler]. Much grown in South-Europe and Southern 

 Asia for the distillation of rose-water and oil or attar of roses. 

 The variety R. provincialis (Aiton) is especially esteemed. No 

 pruning is resorted to, only the dead branches are removed ; the 



