Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Gauntries. 427 



(Willdenow), according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a wood 

 adapted for xylography ; this may give a clue to the adaptability 

 of many other kinds of woods in the large order of Ebenaceae as 

 substitutes for the Turkish boxwood. 



Anbla cordifolia, Linne. (R. Mungista, Roxburgh.) 



From the Indian highlands through China and Siberia to Japan ; 

 also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as Caffraria 

 and Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of madder. Pro- 

 bably other species likewise yield dye-roots. The genus is repre- 

 sented widely over the globe, but as far as known not in Australia. 



Rubia peregrina, Linne. 



Middle and Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. This peren- 

 nial species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve 

 comparative test-culture. 



Rubia tinctorum, Linne. 



The Madder. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, extending to 

 temperate Western Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. A perennial 

 herb of extremely easy culture. Soil, fit for barley, is also suitable 

 for madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and suffocates 

 weeds, but requires much manure, leaving the land enriched how- 

 ever. Stagnant water in the soil must be avoided, if madder is to 

 succeed. The harvest is in the second or third year. It can be 

 raised from seeds or planted from off-shoots. The roots merely 

 dried and pounded form the dye. The chemical contents are 

 numerous ; in the herb : rubichloric and rubitannic acid ; in the 

 root : alizarin, purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythric acid and 

 three distinct resins ; also chlorogeiiin, xanthin and rubicbloric 

 acid. On the first five depend the pigments produced from the 

 root. Madder is one of the requisites for alizarin-ink. Since the 

 manufacture of artificial alizarin from anthracene, a constituent of 

 coal-tar, was commenced, the cultivation of madder has declined. 

 Still it remains a valuable root, handy for domestic dye. The root 

 is also important as an emmenagogue. 



Rubus acuminatus, Smith. 



Indian mountains, at elevations between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. A 

 scandent species with large fruits. 



Rubus biHorus, Hamilton. 



Indian mountains, at temperate altitudes between 7,000 arid 

 10,000 feet. A rambling shrub, with sweet red or orange-colored 

 fruit. Hardy in England. Another Himalayan species, B. maci- 

 lentus (Cambessedes), has bright-yellow fruits. 



