Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 437 



trees. Fifty feet upward growth has been witnessed in five years. 

 Pasture-animals browse on the young foliage. The tree is impor- 

 tant for consolidating river-banks, and everywhere available for 

 cemeteries. In frostless climes annually only for a few weeks 

 without leaves. In Norway it will grow northward to lat. 58 8 '. 

 A powerful scavenger of back-yards, but apt to undermine masonry 

 and to get into cisterns. Dr. C. Koch prefers Moench's name 

 S. pendula, as the Weeping Willow is not a native of Babylon, and 

 he distinguishes another Weeping Willow from Japan as S. 

 elegantissima, which is still hardier than S. Babylonica. 



Salix Capensis. Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.) 



South-Africa. This willow might be introduced on account of 

 its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. Prof. Harvey 

 says of it, that it is one of the greatest ornaments of the banks of 

 the Grariep-River. 



Salix caprea, Linne. 



Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or 

 Hedge-Willow. In Norway it extends to lat. 70 37'; in 65 28' 

 Prof. Schuebeler found it to attain a height of nearly 70 feet. The 

 Kilmarnock Weeping Willow is a form of this species. Wood used 

 for handles and other implements, the shoots for hoops ; it is also 

 largely employed for gunpowder-coal. Bark available for tanning, 

 particularly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by 

 bees. It is one of the earliest flowering of willows, hence with 

 S. daphnoides, as the harbinger of spring, particularly gladdening 

 to bees, although all willows are honey -plants. 



Salix cordata, Muehlenberg. 



One of the Osiers of North- America, extending to Canada. Fit 

 also to bind sand. One of the dwarf Californian willows has been 

 found on the coast-sands to send out root-like stems to 120 feet in 

 length. 



Salix daphnoides, Villars. 



Northern and Middle Europe and Northern Asia, eastward as far 

 as the Amoor, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas, growing 

 in Norway northward to lat. 62 20'. A tree, rising to about 60 

 feet in height, rapid of growth, attaining 12 feet in four years. It 

 is much chosen to fix the ground at railway-embankments, on sandy 

 ridges and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and strong 



. roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets, 

 wicker- work and twig-bridges [ Stewart and Brandis]. The variety 

 pruinosa is considered by Dr. Sender to be as valuable as the Bed- 

 ford-Willow. The foliage furnishes cattle-fodder. The tree is 

 comparatively rich in salicin, like S. pentandra (Linne) and S. 

 fragilis. 



