Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical' Countries. 101 



work, for cogs in machinery and for turnery [Laslett], also for a 

 variety of implements, for wooden shoes, and particularly for hat- 

 blocks, also for walking-sticks. It furnishes a good coal for gun- 

 powder. The inner bark serves for a yellow dye. This tree would 

 tend to arrest the progress of bush-fires, if planted in copses or 

 hedges, like willows and poplars, around forest-plantations. In 

 Norway it is hardy to lat. 63 26' [Schuebeler]. Four species occur 

 in Japan : C. cordata, C. erosa, C. laxiflora and C. Japonica (Blume). 

 Carpinus viminea (Wallich) is a species with durable wood from the 

 middle regions of Nepal. 



Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. 



From Egypt to India. The Safflower. In Norway grown to lat. 

 70 22' North. A tall, annual, rather handsome herb. The florets 

 produce yellow, rosy, ponceau and other red shades of dye, according 

 to various admixtures. Pigment-principles : carthamin and cartha- 

 mus-yellow. For domestic purposes it yields a dye ready at hand 

 from any garden. In India the Carthamus is also cultivated for the 

 sake of the oil, which can be pressed from the seeds. Poultry fatten 

 on the seeds. 



Cartonema philydroid.es, F. v. Mueller. 



West Australia. This dwarf perennial is extolled by Mr. A. R. 

 Richardson as a pasture-plant liked by stock. After a bush-fire 

 burnt over the ground and a subsequent rainfall this bunching plant 

 will shoot up to 6 inches height and bear flowers within a month. 



Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (C. copticum, Bentham.) 



From the countries around the Mediterranean Sea to India. The 

 fruits of this annual herb form an excellent culinary condiment with 

 the flavor of thyme. Its peculiar oil is accompanied by cymol and 

 thymol. 



Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch. (Apium Buibocastanum, Caruel ; Bulbo- 

 castanum Linnaei, Schur. ) 



Middle and South-Europe, North-Africa, Middle Asia, on lime- 

 stone soil, extending in Cashmere to 9,000 feet elevation. The 

 tuberous roots and also the leaves serve as a culinary vegetable, 

 the fruits as a condiment. 



Carum Capense, Sender. 



South-Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is called 

 Fenkelwortel. 



Carum Carui, Linne". (Apium Carui, Crantz.) 



The Caraway-Plant. Biennial in cold climes, annual in winter- 

 less zones. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. Extends in Norway 



