Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 107 



authorities declare the wood of no lasting value. It is comparatively 

 rich in tannic acid (about 4 to 6 per cent.), and hence used for pre- 

 paring a liquid extract ; the bark contains 12 per cent, tannin 

 [Wiesner], The leaves furnish food for the Bombyx Jamamai 

 [Dupont]. The greatest importance of the tree rests on its adapta- 

 bility for shade-plantations, its nutritious nuts and timber value. 

 The American wood is slightly lighter in colour than that of the 

 Red Oak, and available for shingles and rails ; chestnut rails in 

 North-America have lasted for half a century. The wood is 

 beautifully laminated [Simmonds], and largly employed for furniture, 

 for the inside finish of railroad-cars and steamboats [Vasey]. The 

 American nuts are smaller, but sweeter than the European ; they are 

 largely used for fattening hogs [Robb]. Rate of stem-growth in 

 Nebraska, 24 inches in 14 years, diametrically [Furnas], The total 

 production of chestnuts merely in Italy during 1886 was 391,393 

 tons. The produce of chestnuts in France in 1890 amounted to 

 4,683,000 metric hundredweights, valued at 18,000,000 [Sahut, from 

 Bulletin du Ministere d' Agriculture]. Bees carry off the pollen. 



Castanopsis argentea, A. de Candolle. 



A lofty tree in the mountains of India. Produces also edible 

 chestnuts. Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valuable, 

 thus according to the Rev. B. C. Henry the nuts of the Chinese C. 

 jucunda (Hance) are edible. 



Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle. 



The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree, attaining 

 a height of 150 feet and 8 feet in stem-diameter. Either for beauty 

 or utility worthy of cultivation [Dr. Gibbons]. The leaves are 

 golden-yellow underneath. Wood durable, highly prized by joiners, 

 wheel- wrights, and even shipbulders [Dr. Kellogg]. 



Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle. 



Mountains of India, at about 4,000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut pro- 

 duces seeds with the taste of filberts ; C. tribuloides (Kurz), also 

 yields small edible chestnuts. 



CastiUoa elastica, Cervantes.* 



Central America, but hardy and fruiting in Florida [Th. Mead]. 

 This tree yields India-rubber of a good kind. 



Casuarina Cunninghamiana, Miquel. 



Eastern Australia, particularly along river-banks. Attains a 

 maximum height of 100 feet. Stem diameter up to 4 feet [Aug. 

 Rudder] Mr. A. R. Crawford found a tree with a clear stem ol 52 

 feet, total height 125 feet, stem-girth 12 feet. It is mainly a riparian 

 tree of mountain-slopes. The wood is used for yokes, tools, shingles, 



