Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 123 



from Brazil, south-east of Lake Titicaca. Its bark yielded in Java 

 11 to 12 per cent, of quinin. An analysis by Mr. W. E. Matthews, 

 made of bark from C. calisaya trees, grown" at Berwick, near Port 

 Phillip, gave about 6^ per cent, alkaloids, 2 -67 being quinine. 



The renewed bark, obtained by covering the stem, where the bark 

 has been removed, with moss or matting, according to Mr. Mclvor's 

 method, realized double the ordinary market-price, and in C. succi- 

 rubra even more [Woodhouse]. Young Cinchona-plants are subject 

 to the attacks of Helopeltis Antonii, which insect preys also on the 

 Tea-bush in India. 



Cinchona cordifolia, Mutis.* 



Peru and New Granada, on the Andes at between 6,000 and 8,000 

 feet elevation, and according to Mr. Willis Weaver at Bogota (pro- 

 bably under the shelter of forests) up to the frosty region of 9,500 

 feet. Provides the hard Cartagena-bark or West Pitaya-bark, one 

 extremely rich in alkaloids. It is a species of robust constitution, 

 grows with rapidity and vigor. The thickest bark is obtained in the 

 highest altitudes, which are often involved in misty humidity by 

 passing clouds [Cross]. 



Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon. 



Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height of 

 60 feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco-bark as well as 

 Lima-bark are obtained. It is comparatively rich in cinchonin and 

 quinidin, contains however also quinin. 



Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon. 



Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under 

 favorable circumstances. It also yields Grey-bark and Huanuco- 

 bark, besides Loxa-bark. It will probably prove one of the hardiest 

 species. It contains predominantly cinchonin and quinidin. 



Cinchona officinalis, Linne (partly).* (Cinchona Condaminea, Humboldt). 

 Andes of New Granada, Ecuador and Peru at a height of 6,000 to 

 10,000 feet. Yields Crown or Brown Peru-bark, besides part of the 

 Loxa-bark. Comparatively rich in quinin and cinchonidin. The 

 temperature of the middle regions of the Andes, where this tree 

 grows, is almost the same as that of the Canary-Islands. Super- 

 abundance of moisture is particularly pernicious to this species. The 

 hardiest of all cultivated kinds. The Crispilla variety endures a 

 temperature occasionally as low as 27 F. Cinchona-seeds for 

 culture were procured by Dr. Weddell during Count Castlenau's 

 expedition. 



Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a variety of 

 C. officinalis. This grows where the mean annual temperature 

 is that of Rome, with however less extremes of heat and cold. 

 It yields part of the Pitaya-bark. 



