128 Select Plants for Industrial Culture and 



a tree of the Mandarin-orange bore 4,000 fruits in a season [Haldane]. 

 It is not unusual for orange-trees to continue in full bearing for 60 

 or 70 years, and after that the wood is still valued for its durability, 

 fragrance and beauty. Should over-production anywhere take place, 

 a wine can be prepared from the juice of peeled oranges, which 

 proved of remarkable strength. The Sorrento-honey derives its 

 delicious perfume from orange-flowers, and it has become classical as 

 the best and analogous to that of Hymethus [Laura Redden]. For 

 detail-information on these kinds of plants should be consulted the 

 important recent work of Dr. Bonavia, " The Cultivated Oranges and 

 Lemons of India/' with an illustrative atlas. Orange-trees are in 

 the United States frequently attacked by the highly injurious Aus- 

 tralian Icerya Purchasii. Its ravages can to some extent be checked 

 by the Lestophanus leery ae, a parasitic fly, and fully by the Vedalia 

 cardinalis, known also as the Dorthesia-bug. Mr. Jaeger reports 

 from Honolulu that the Vidalia cleared off the Icerya in the Hawaian 

 Islands within six months after the introduction of this Beetle, though 

 the Orange- trees were loaded with that scale ; this, one of the 

 so-called lady-bird beetles, keeps down in New Zealand, perhaps with 

 allied species, the Icerya. They have therefore been introduced from 

 Australia into America by Mr. Koebele, an emissary of Professor 

 Riley of the Entomologic Department of Washington, first attention 

 having been drawn to this antagonism by Mr. Crawford of Adelaide. 

 Mr. Charles French, the Government Entomologist of Victoria, has 

 in his new departmental work described and illustrated these insects. 

 The Smut of trees of the Orange-tribe is Capuodium citri. Professor 

 Mac Owan remarks that the saccharine film exuded by the black 

 scale-insect, Lecanium hesperidum, facilitates the germination of the 

 Capnodium-spores, and he found in South Africa perseveringly spray- 

 ing paraffine emulsions particularly effective against both parasites, 

 also liquid of resin-soap applied by powerful pump-syringes. Some 

 varieties of the Orange-tree are excellent for hedges, for which they are 

 much used in Japan. Burnt earth is valuable as an admixture to soil 

 in orangeries. On the high authority of Dr. Piesse it may be stated, 

 that recently rather more than \\ million pounds weight of orange- 

 flowers were gathered annually for perfumery-purposes merely at Nice 

 and Cannes. As prominent varieties of C Aurantium the following 

 may be distinguished: 



Citrus Bergamium, Ris&o. From the fruit-rind of this variety 

 Bergamotte-oil is obtained ; the flowers also yield oil. The 

 Mellarosa-variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite con- 

 fitures. 



Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The Bitter Orange. This furnishes 

 from its flowers the Neroli-oil, so delicious and costly as a 

 perfume. It is stated, that orange-flowers to the value of 50 

 might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year. 

 The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange-peel and mar- 

 malade. Bitter principle: hesperidin in the rind, liruonin in the 



