Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 271 



Norway. Adopted lately among trees from abroad for the Prussian 

 forests on a large scale. Wood most ornamental, purplish-brown, 

 turning dark with age, strong, tough, not liable to warp nor to split ; 

 not attacked by insects. Supplies three-fourths of the material for 

 hardwood-furniture in the United States [Sargent], and fetches- 

 there the highest price. Wood stored for many years is the best for 

 gun-stocks, and used also for musical instruments. For the sake of 

 its compactness, durability, and its susceptibility to high polish, it is 

 much sought for elegant furniture, stair-rails and other select purposes. 

 Seeds more oily than the European Walnut. The tree extends in a 

 slightly altered variety to Bolivia and Argentina [Weddell] and at 

 elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet in Peru [P. Clarke ; W. Thiselton, 

 Dyer]. J. insularis (Grisebach) is either a native of Cuba or a 

 species cultivated there [Dyer]. 



Juglans regia, Linn.* 



The ordinary Walnut-tree of Europe, indigenous in Hungary 

 [Heuffel] and Greece [Heldreich], extending from the Black Sea to 

 . Beloochistan and Burmah, and seemingly also occurring in North- 

 China, preferentially in calcareous soil. It attains a height of fully 

 100 feet, and lives many centuries. Introduced into Britain already 

 by the Romans. Professor Schuebeler found it hardy in Norway to 

 lat. 63 35', bearing fruit occasionally ; in lat. 60 14' it attained still 

 a height of nearly 50 feet and a stem-circumference of 13 feet. An 

 aged Walnut-tree at Mentmore had a circumference of 1 2^ feet at 4 

 feet from the ground, its branches spreading diametrically to about 100 

 feet [Masters]. Wood light and tough, much sought for gun-stocks, 

 the exterior of pianofortes and the choicest furniture. The shells of 

 the nut yield a black pigment, the leaves serve also for dye-purposes, 

 and have come further into external medicinal use. Trees of select 

 quality of wood have been sold at enormous prices, being the most 

 valuable of Middle-Europe. To economize it, frequently it is cut up 

 into veneers. In some departments of France a rather large quantity 

 of oil is pressed from the nuts, which, besides serving as an article 

 of diet, is used for the preparation of fine colours. To obtain first-class 

 fruit, the trees are grafted in France [Michaux]. They commence 

 to bear already after ten years. The produce of Walnuts in France 

 for 1890 was estimated at over 100,000 tons, valued at more than 

 800,000 [Sahut, from Bull, du Ministere d' Agriculture], Bordeaux 

 alone exports about 65,000 cwt. of Walnuts annually. An almost 

 huskless variety occurs in the north of China. Nuts for distant 

 transmission, to arrive in a fit state for germination, are best packed 

 quite fresh in casks between layers of dry moss. Canalisation with 

 the adjuncts of elevated irrigatory reservoirs, for which Walnut-trees 

 afford one of the most useful and permanent surroundings, will lessen 

 the danger of disastrous floods. This applies as well to borings at 

 ledges of rocks, to effect the gradual off-flow from unnavigable reaches, 

 and for utilisation of the otherwise unproductive water. 



