Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 293 



Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh. 



Oregon and California. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 56'. This 

 somewhat woody species can be used for binding sand with L. 

 Chamissonis, Escholtz (L. albifrons, Bentham) and many perennial 

 lupines from other countries. * 



Lupinus luteus, Linn6.* 



The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the 

 Mediterranean Sea. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70 [Schuebe- 

 ler]. This annual species is predominantly in use as green manure 

 through Middle Europe, to improve sandy soil ; it is the best of all 

 yet tested, and will do even on coast-drifts. It can also be employed 

 like some other lupines as a fodder-herb, green as well as for hay ; 

 some lupines are also very valuable as pasture-herbs. Lupin-seeds 

 are very fattening, when used as an addition to ordinary fodder, and 

 are in this respect quite equal to oil-cake, while the foliage is said to 

 be not inferior to that of clover and more bulky. Nevertheless some 

 lupines have proved poisonous to sheep. Lupin-seeds roasted have 

 occasionally been utilised as a substitute for Coffee. About 90 Ibs. 

 of seeds are required for an acre. Langethal observes : " What the 

 Sainfoin does for the poorest limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow 

 Lupine carries out for sand-land." Lupines are not adapted for wet 

 or moory ground, nor for limestone-formations, where most other 

 leguminous fodder-plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of 

 a yellow-flowering lupine, which sometimes in the Azores attains a 

 height of 12 feet in three months. 



Lupinus varius, Linne. 



The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like the 

 above species; but a few others are under cultivation as Blue Lupines. 

 Some of the American, particularly Californian species, are regarded 

 even as superior to the Mediterranean kinds for agrarian purposes. 



Lycium Afrum, Linn6. 



Africa and South- Western Asia. The " Caffir-Thorn." Can 

 with many other species be utilised as a hedge-bush. It is almost 

 evergreen, fiercely spiny, easily raised from seeds, readily trans- 

 planted, quick in growth, stands clipping well, seeds freely, is strong 

 enough to resist cattle and close enough to keep off fowls. Succeeds 

 famously even on coast-sands. A first-rate bee-plant [J. Bolton], 

 1 J Ib. of seeds at a cost of 30 shillings suffices for a mile of hedging 

 [Th. Lang]. Pasture-animals must be kept away from the foliage, 

 which is deleterious. L. Chinense (Miller) and some few other 

 congeners serve likewise hedge-purposes. 



Lycium barbarum, Linn6. 



Northern Africa and South- Western Asia. The most common 

 kind grown in Europe for hedges. Is content with poor soil. 



