Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 381 



Finns australis, Michaux.* 



Southern Pine, also called Hard Pine, Georgian, Yellow Pitch- 

 Pine, Long-leaved Yellow or Broom-Pine. Southern States of 

 North- America. On sandy soil, constituting the main tree-vegetation 

 on the "Pine-Barrens." The tree attains a height of about 100 feet, 

 requires soil open to a great depth, and follows the " stratified drifts," 

 consisting of gravel, sand and clay [Prof. Mohr]. Requires a long 

 period of growth for full development [Farlow] . One of the least 

 shade-enduring of all pines. It furnishes a superior timber for 

 furniture and building, also for naval architecture, railway-ties and 

 flooring, particularly eligible also for very tall flagstaffs ; thus yields 

 the principal yellow pine-wood of the lumber-trade. The wood is 

 compact, straight-grained, very durable, of delicate shades of yellow 

 and brown [C. Mohr], and has only a slight layer of sapwood. The 

 tree is not so quick of growth as many other pines. According to 

 Dr. Little, the tree produces 30,000 feet of first-class timber per acre. 

 It is this species, which yields largely the American turpentine, as 

 well as resin, pitch and tar. Great Britain in 1884 imported 23,000 

 tons oil of turpentine, value 560,000, and 73,500 tons resin, value 

 376,000 ; in 1889 the quantity was 20,200 tons oil of turpentine, 

 value 663,000, and 66,800 tons of resin, value 291,000; by far 

 the greatest portion of these two articles came from the United 

 States, where P. australis would yield a large share. The resin is 

 fragrant. A solution of the oil, distilled from the turpentine in 

 alcohol, is known as camphin. The turpentine is obtained by 

 removing in spring and summer strips of bark, by chipping and 

 collecting the effluence into appropriate boxes particularly applied. 

 The first yield is the best ; in the fourth year the tree becomes 

 exhausted [Prof. C. Mohr]. The average annual yield during this 

 time is 20 Ibs. Porcher observes, that the tree shoots up devoid of 

 branches for sometimes as much as 60 feet, and he calls it " one of 

 the greatest gifts of God to man/' The tree prevails, according to 

 C. Mohr, where the silicons constituents of the drift-soil mingle with 

 the outcrops of tertiary strata, and he observes, that forests of this 

 pine cause grateful showers with wonderful regularity through all 

 seasons. The emanations from pines, particularly the very resinous 

 species, are antimalarian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near 

 pine-forests, and by the use of hospital-buildings constructed of pine- 

 wood. The leaves are very rich in oil. The sanitary significance 

 of these pines is nowhere yet sufficiently recognised. The so-called 

 pine-wool, much prepared from the leaves of this species, has recently 

 came into use for select mats [J. R. Jackson] ; also for covering 

 cotton-bales and for dressing wounds. P. palustris (Miller) is by far 

 the oldest name, but quite inappropriate. 



Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.) 



In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent 

 . pine, to 150 feet high, with a stem diameter of three to four feet. 



