Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 383 



A very ornamental fir, to about 100 feet high, with a pale coarse- 

 grained wood, remarkably durable when used for submerged water- 

 works ; also employed for railway-ties. According to A. Gray it 

 is one of the most graceful of spruces, with a light and spreading 

 spray. Schacht saw aged stems on which 440 wood-rings could be 

 counted. Can be kept trimmed for hedges. Next to P. Strobus it 

 is the highest pine of the Eastern States of North-America. The 

 tree is extremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much 

 used as a tanning material, containing 9 to 14 per cent, tannin. 

 Ramspacher's analyses have given a still higher result. Bark is 

 much liked as an admixture to oak-bark for particular leathers of 

 great toughness, wearing strength and resistance to water. The 

 extract of the bark for tanning fetches in the London market from 

 16 to 18 a ton, and is imported to the extent of 6,000 tons a 

 year ; the bark is stripped off during the summer months ; it is of 

 medicinal value also. The supply of tan-bark from this tree is 

 gradually falling short of the demand and cannot be quickly increased 

 by special culture. The young shoots are used in making spruce- 

 beer. P. Caroliniensis is the Hemlock-spruce of Carolina. 



Firms Canariensis, C. Smith.* 



Canary-Pine. Canary-Islands, forming large forests at an eleva- 

 tion of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree, reaching a height of 80 feet, 

 with a resinous, durable, very heavy wood, not readily attacked by 

 insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of growth. 

 Will endure an occasional shade-temperature of 118 F. [W. I. Win- 

 ter]. Growth in height at Port Phillip 45-50 feet in 20 years. 

 Has grown at a much greater rate on the Campaspe-River, viz., at 

 an average of 4J feet annually [W. Napier]. 



Firms Cedrus, Linn.* (Cedrus Libani, Barrelier.) 



Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas-variety on the moun- 

 tains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North- Africa and Cyprus ; the 

 var. C. Atlantica at elevations of a few or several thousand feet. 

 The tree grows to a height of about 100 feet, with a heavy trunk 

 sometimes 46 feet in circumference [Booth] and attains a very great 

 age. Goeppert and Russegger allot to Lebanon-Cedars an age 

 reaching to the commencement of the Christian era. The wood is of 

 a light reddish colour, soft, almost inodorous, easy to work, and 

 much-esteemed for its durability. 



Firms Cedms, var. Deodara.* (Cedrus Deodara, Loudon.) 



Deodar-Cedar. On the north-western Himalaya-Mountains, also 

 in Afghanistan, 3,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A majestic 

 tree, reaching a height of more than 300 feet, and sometimes over 

 40 feet in circumference of stem. The wood is of a light-yellow colour, 

 very close-grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably scented, light, 

 extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a changeable 



