384 Select Plants for Industrial Culture and 



clime, and furnishes one of the best building-timbers known. Pillars 

 of Kashmir-mosques, made of this wood, found sound after 400 years, 

 and bridges of still greater antiquity are in existence. White ants 

 hardly ever attack the heartwood. Boats built of this wood have 

 lasted about 40 years. It is also extensively used for canal-edges and 

 for railways. Mr. J. S. Gamble's experience shows that in India 

 Deodar railway-sleepers withstood decay considerably longer than 

 those of Sal and very much longer than those of Teak. The trees 

 should not be felled too young. It yields a good deal of resin and 

 turpentine. A humid clime very much accelerates the growth of 

 this pine, which would come best and quickest to its development in 

 forest-ranges. Deodars will endure, when not too young, an excep- 

 tional temperature of 118 F. in the shade [W. I. Winter], yet the 

 tree also bears the cold of Southern Norway. Rate of growth at 

 Port Phillip, 40 to 50 feet height in 20 years. 



Pinus Cembra, Linn**.* 



The Zirbel-Pine. On the European Alps, also in Siberia and 

 Tartary, extending to Kamtschatka, the Kuriles and Arctic America; 

 reaches to 7,000 feet in the Swiss Alps, yet less hardy than P. Laricio, 

 although from high Alps ; it grows still to a height of 60 feet at 

 Christiania [Schuebeler]. Attains a height of about 120 feet, the 

 stem gets fully 4 feet in diameter, but the growth is slow. It -likes 

 humus-soil. The wood is of a yellow colour, soft and resinous, of an 

 extremely fine texture, and is extensively used for carving and 

 cabinet-work. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a great 

 quantity of oil, as much as 47 per cent., according to Schuppe. A 

 particular turpentine is also obtained from this pine, called Carpathian 

 balsam. From the cambium-sap of pines Vanillin can be obtained in 

 spring, which serves as a substitute for Vanilla, its aroma being much 

 stronger but not so lasting as that of Vanilla. 



Pinus cembroides,, Zuccarini.* (P. Llaveana, Schiede and Deppe.) 



Mexican Swamp-Pine. A small tree, to 30 feet high, growing at 

 elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of much use, 

 but the seeds are edible and wholesome, and have a very agreeable 

 taste. 



Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy. v 



Cilician Silver-Fir. Asia-Minor. 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea- 

 level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, to 160 feet high. 

 Quite hardy in climes like that of Vienna. The wood is very soft, 

 and used extensively for the roofs of houses, as it does not warp. 



Pinus concolor, Engelmann. (Abies concolor, Lindley.) 



The great White Silver-Fir. North-Western America to Arizona 

 and New Mexico, at elevations of 8,000 to 9,000 feet, therefore almost 



