Naturalisation in Extra- Tropical Countries. 385 



alpine. Nearest allied to P. grandis. A fir, reaching 150 feet in 

 height ; trunk to 4 feet in diameter. The wood is tough, eligible for 

 building-purposes and other substantial work [Vasey]. It does not 

 warp, shrinks hardly at all, makes choice ceilings, and needs less 

 paint than most other timber [Kellogg]. Leaves whitish on both 

 sides from abundant stomata. 



Pinus COntorta, Douglas.* (P. Murrayana, Balfour ; P. Bolanderi, Parla- 

 tore. ) 



On high damp ranges in California, Oregon and British North- 

 Western America ; also abundant on the mountains of Colorado ; 

 very eligible for clothing rocky hill-sides [Meehan]. In California 

 this pine forms dense thickets along the coast, and is in this respect 

 as valuable as P. Laricio, P. Pinaster and P. Halepensis in Europe, 

 as a shelter-tree in stormy localities. Dr. Gibbons remarks of this 

 pine, which vernacularly is called Tamarak or Hack-me-tack, that 

 its size has generally been underrated. At the foot of the Sierra 

 and on mountains 8,000 feet high he saw it in great numbers, forming 

 one of the most stately of forest-pines, not rarely attaining a height 

 of 150 feet and 4 feet in stem-diameter. The timber is pale, straight- 

 grained and very light ; there considered the best and most durable 

 material for dams and for general building purposes. It furnishes 

 sea-ports with piles and masts ; yields also railway-ties. Its value 

 is beyond calculation. Dr. G. Dawson notes, that the cambium-layer 

 is so saccharine, as to afford food to the autochthones. 



Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.* 



California, on the eastern slope of the coast-range, at elevations 

 from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a 

 height of about 100 feet, with a trunk about 4 feet in diameter ; with 

 P. Ayacahuite, P. Montezumae, P. Lambertiana, P. Sabineana and 

 P. excelsa it has the largest cones of all pines, comparable in size 

 and form to sugar-loaves. The nuts are nutritious. Wood brittle. 



Pinus Cubensis, Grisebach.* (P. Elliottii, Engelmann.) 



Swamp-Pine, Slash- or Bastard-Pine. Higher mountains of Cuba, 

 also in the Southern States of Eastern North-America. Allied to 

 P. Taeda. Likes moist, sandy, flat lands. Height of tree to 120 feet, 

 of clear stem to 70 feet ; growth comparatively quick, overpowering 

 P. australis. Yields some turpentine and resin [Prof. C. Mohr]. 

 Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough and durable, 

 hardly inferior to that of P. australis [Colman]. P. Bahamensis 

 [Grisebach] is a closely cognate Pine, restricted to the Bahamas. 



Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini. 



The " Akamatsu-Pine " of Japan, where it forms along with P. 

 Thunbergi extensive forest at 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea-level. 

 It is hardy at Christiania. Attains an age of several centuries 



2 c 



