Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 395 



Dr. Gibbons observes, that this species is less than half the size of 

 P. Lambertiana, but in all other respects resembles it. Woodmen are 

 very pronounced in their statement, that there are two kinds of sugar- 

 pine, both growing in close proximity to each other. Mr. J. Hoopes 

 states, that the wood is similar to that of the White Pine, therefore 

 pale and soft, but tougher. Dr. G-. Dawson says, that the aborigines 

 use also the seeds of this pine for food. 



Firms muricata, D. Don. 



Bishop's Pine. California, in the coast-region, up to 2,000 feet. 

 This hardy pine grows ordinarily to about 40 feet, but reaches 120 

 feet under favorable circumstances. It might be utilised for wind- 

 breaks [Dr. Gibbons]. Endures the clime of Middle Europe. Rate 

 of growth near Melbourne about 30 feet in ten years [C. French]. 

 Did particularly well in the south of New Zealand [Th. Waugh], 

 The fruit-cones persist for many years [Sereno Watson]. 



PillUS nigra, Alton. (Picea nigra, Link ; Abies rubra, Michaux.) 



Black Spruce. Eastern America, occurring extensively between 

 44 and 53 north latitude. In Norway it will grow to lat. 63 45' 

 [Schuebeler]. This tree, which is termed Double Spruce by the 

 Canadians, likes humid sheltered localities, attains a height of about 

 70 feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of pale colour, excellent 

 for yards of ships ; largely sawn into boards and quarterings ; has 

 also come extensively into use for paper-pulp. The spruce-lumber 

 of the eastern markets in the United States is chiefly furnished by 

 this species [Sargent]. The young shoots are used for making 

 spruce-beer, and the small roots serve as cords. The tree prefers 

 poor and rocky soil, but a humid cool clime, and is best available 

 for mountainous localities inaccessible to culture. Mr. Cecil Clay 

 estimates, that 20,000 cubic feet of timber can be obtained from this 

 tree on one acre of ground. 



Pinus nobilis, Douglas. (Abies nobilis, Lindley.) 



Noble White Fir ; but also known as Red Fir. Oregon and its 

 vicinity ; forms there extensive forests at 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A 

 majestic tree, attaining a height of 320 feet [Brewer, Gardner], with 

 regular horizontal branches. Timber splendid. P. magnifica (Murray) 

 is a variety. Hardy in Middle Europe. 



Pinus Nllttallii, Parlatore. (Larix occidentalis, Nuttall. ) 



The Oregon-Larch, at elevations of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. 

 According to Dr. Gibbons, one of the most graceful trees. Stem 

 straight, frequently 200 feet to the first limb. Timber readily fissile, 

 very strong and durable [Dufur], tough, light and elastic ; it can 

 also be employed in water-work [Dr. Kellogg]. Tree only available 

 for cool mountain-regions, to serve commercial final purposes. 



