Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 439 



water, which operation is to be repeated a month later [R. Goethe]. 

 A modified " Eau celeste " for the same purpose is prepared by 

 dissolving in 1 quart Ammonia-liquid from 4 to 6 ounces carbonate of 

 copper, and diluting this with 25 gallons of water. Attacked here 

 also by the Codlin-moth. 



PyTUS Cydonia, Linn& (Cydonm vulgaris, Persoon.) 



The Quince. Countries at the Caspian Sea. Reared in South- 

 Europe from antiquity; in the Himalayas its culture reaches to 5,500 

 feet elevation, in Norway to Christiania. The Portuguese variety 

 bears extremely large fruit. The preserved quince is one of the most 

 agreeable of fruits. Quinces boiled into mash and thus consumed 

 with milk are a most refreshing and wholesome food. The seeds 

 impart copiously to water a tasteless mucilage. Quinces are not 

 readily attacked by sparrows. 



Pyrus Germanica, J. Hooker, (Mespilus Germanica, Linne".) 



The Medlar. Southern Europe, Western Asia. The ordinary 

 medlar- fruits become edible after some storage. A large-fruited 

 variety of excellent taste is cultivated in South-Europe. P. Maulei 

 (Masters) is a closely cognate plant, with golden-yellow edible fruit, 

 particularly fit for preserves. Medlar-Jelly has come recently into 

 use through Mr. T. F. Rivers. The tree has fruited at Christiania. 



Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg. 



Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes, and one of the 

 earliest flowering. Under favorable circumstances it will produce 

 its quince-like fruit of good quality. It is one of the earliest species, 

 so valuable to the apiarist. 



Pyrus Malus, Linne".* 



The Apple-tree. Europe, Western Asia, ascending the Himalayas 

 to 11,000 feet. Shown to have been in culture already iu Switzer- 

 land and Northern Italy prior to historic records, though Professor 

 C. Koch regards neither the wild and variable crab-trees, nor the 

 pear, as original denizens of Middle and Northern Europe, but 

 simply as strayed from cultivation and degenerated. Bees resort to 

 the flowers. For reference to varieties Dr. Hogg's fruit-manual is 

 also in this instance most handy. Koch traces some sorts of cultivated 

 apples to P. puniila (Miller) of South-Western Asia ; as other original 

 forms he notes the P. dasyphylla (Borkhausen), P. silvestris and P. 

 prunifolia (Willdenow) of Middle and Western Asia. This tree is 

 one of longevity ; Mr. H. C. Hovey gives records of an apple-tree in 

 Connecticut, which at the age of 175 years measured about 14 feet in 



