Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 471 



quality. In the Balkan-mountains, on basalt-slopes facing south, the 

 most odorous roses are produced. At Kezanlik rose-distillation is 

 the main-industry. Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches 

 3 feet deep and 5 feet apart. Irrigation promotes the growth, The 

 gathering commences in the third and lasts till about the fifteenth 

 year [Simmonds]. The pure oil as a European commodity is worth 

 from 20 to 23 per pound. This is also the rose, according to 

 Schlagintweit, used for attar-distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, 

 valued at 30 shillings per ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the 

 amount of 80,000 annually [Piesse]. 



Rosa rugosa, Thunberg. 



Japan and Kamtschatka, there thriving even in coast-sand. Bears 

 the most severe of frosts ; forms copious suckers for multiplication. 

 The pleniflorous variety also of this Rose serves for scent-distillation 

 [M. Wobst]. One of the few Roses with esculent fruit, and the 

 best of them [Dr. M. T. Masters]. 



Rosa sancta, A. Richard. 



Abyssinia. With R. Abyssinica (R. Brown) the most southern 

 of all Rose-species. Seems entitled to record here, as it is still 

 cultivated at temples. Prof. Crepin has identified flowers from 

 ancient Egyptian tombs with this Rose, which must therefore have 

 some special value. 



Rosa sempervirens, 



From South-Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. Hardy 

 still at Christiania. One of the best rose-bushes for covering walls, 

 fences and similar structures. The flowers of this species also can 

 be utilised for rose-oil. 



Rosa setigera, Michaux. 



North-Eastern America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush. 

 It deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth 

 10 to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers however are nearly inodorous. 

 Other original species of roses are worthy of our attention, Sir 

 Joseph Hooker admitting about 30, all from the northern hemisphere. 

 But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of New Guinea and 

 Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses may yet be discovered, 

 as they have been traced southward to Abyssinia already. 



Rosa spinosissima, Linn. 



Europe, North-Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The Burnet- 

 Rose. Adapted for holding coast-sands ; unapproachable to pasture- 

 animals, and not spreading into culture-land or pastures like the 

 sweetbriar, R. rubiginosa, L. Nearly allied is R. Webbiana (Wallich) 

 from the Himalayas up to 13,500 feet, which prospers even in arid 

 regions. The fruit is esculent. 



