Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 485 



Salix caprea, Linn. 



Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or 

 Hedge- Willow. In Norway it extends to lat. 70 37'; in 65 28' Prof. 

 Sclmebeler found it to attain a height of nearly 70 feet. The 

 Kilmarnock Weeping Willow is a form of this species. Wood used 

 for handles and other implements, the shoots for hoops ; it is also 

 largely employed for gunpowder-coal. Bark available for tanning, 

 particularly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. 

 It is one of the earliest flowering of willows, hence with S. 

 daphnoides, as the harbinger of spring, particularly gladdening to 

 bees, although all willows are honey-plants. 



Salix cordata, Muehlenberg. 



One of the Osiers of North-America, extending to Canada. Fit 

 also to bind sand. One of the dwarf Califorriian willows has been 

 found on the coast-sands to send out root-like stems to 120 feet in 

 length. 



Salix daphnoides, Villars. 



Northern and Middle Europe and Northern Asia, eastward as far 

 as the Amoor, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas, growing 

 in Norway northward to lat. 62 20'. A tree, rising to about 60 

 feet in height, rapid of growth, attaining 12 feet in four years. It 

 is much chosen to fix the ground at railway-embankments, on sandy 

 ridges and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and strong 

 roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets, 

 wicker-work and twig-bridges [Stewart and Brandis]. The variety 

 pruinosa is considered by Dr. Sonder to be as valuable as the Bed- 

 ford-Willow. F. Greyer recommends the variety acutifolia for plan- 

 tations of Basket-willows on dry sandy soil. The foliage furnishes 

 cattle-fodder. The tree is comparatively rich in salicin, like S. 

 pentandra (Linne) and S. fragilis. 



Salix Daviesii, Boissier. 



Persia. This tree is there and in Afghanistan cultivated. Pollarded 

 for cattle-feed in early spring. Wood used for lintels, spinning-wheels, 

 handles, dishes, platters, fruit-boxes and charcoal [Brigade-Surgeon 

 Aitchison]. S. Songorica (Andersson) is used there for similar 

 purposes. 



Salix fragilis, Linne. 



The Crack-Willow or Withy. Indigenous in South-Western 

 Asia ; widely spontaneous also in Europe. Hardy in Norway to 

 lat. 64 5'. Height to 90 feet ; stem reaching 20 feet in girth. 

 According to Scaling next to S. alba the best of the European 

 timber-willows, but the wood not quite so tough and the tree 

 requiring more space for 'growth. Both species are recommended 



