Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 565 



maximum heat of 127 F. occasionally occurs [Professor Penhallow]. 

 As the name implies, especially a riverside-grape, particularly in 

 loamy soil [Hilgard]. To this species belong the Clinton, Franklin, 

 Taylor, Delaware, and some other varieties, perhaps also Vitis 

 Solonis, which seem more particularly destined to revive viticulture 

 in Southern France and other countries, where the Phylloxera 

 vestatrix has annihilated such a vast extent of vineyards. They 

 serve as a grafting stock for the European vine, the majority of thsm 

 showing a sufficient if not a complete resistance to this pest, while 

 they are for the most part not difficult to propagate. The experi- 

 ments hitherto made in Provence and elsewhere have given good 

 results, and the produce of the European Vine on American stock 

 has been found as good as if grown on its own root. Professor 

 Planchon places the varieties in the following order of merit : Vitis 

 Solonis, Clinton- Vialla or Franklin, wild Vitis riparia, Taylor, 

 Clinton. The York-Madeira, which may be a hybrid between V. 

 riparia and V. Labrusca, is by some growers placed next to Vitis 

 Solonis, and answers well for grafting. The seedlings of V. Solonis 

 retain the typical characteristics of the parent-plant, which the other 

 varieties do not. More than half the resuscitated Vines of France 

 are grafted on different varieties of V. riparia, the best of these 

 varieties being Portaly or Gloire de Montpellier and Grand Glabre or 

 Arnaud, though Vitis rupestris surpasses them all in value [Professor 

 Millardet]. To raise vines from seeds, the pips may be taken either 

 before or after fermentation of the grape ; the essential point is, not 

 to let them get dry ; they should be kept in a cool place and mixed 

 with sand to prevent mould. For transmission to great distances 

 they should be sent dried in the peel and pulp to insure the preser- 

 vation of their vitality. Mr. George Knight, of Bendigo, proved 

 that seeds of Phylloxera-resisting Vines would germinate still in the 

 second year after sowing. Several French cultivators recommend 

 grafting " by approach." For this purpose an American and an 

 European vine are planted side by side ; early in spring, when the 

 shoots are about the size of a small goose-quill, two from the different 

 stocks are brought together, and in the most convenient place a slice 

 is taken out of the bark and the outer portion of the wood of each, 

 about half an inch in length, care being taken that the two surfaces 

 exactly fit each other ; they have only to be tied together, the sap, 

 which is then at the height of its flow, soon closing up the wound ; 

 the American shoot is pinched off when it has made three or four 

 leaves ; the following winter the root of V. vinifera is cut off. 

 Phylloxera-galls are frequently found on the leaves of V. riparia 

 as well as of V. sestivalis, but the roots are riot so often attacked ; 

 if the latter happens, the wounds inflicted by the insect are super- 

 ficial and soon heal up [Planchon, Vignes Americaines]. Dr. M. T. 

 Masters mentions as a curious fact, that Professor Riley found a 

 species of Thrips (T. phylloxeras) attacking the galls formed on 

 the leaves of American Vines by Phylloxera vastatrix. Professor 

 A. Millardet, of Bordeaux, has, in 1885, issued an excellent illustrated 



