Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 571 



chief viticultural officer in San Francisco against the insect. The 

 Phylloxera vastatrix and also its ova succumb at a heat of 113 F. 

 already [Couasnon and Solomon]; thus by a careful heating of the 

 soil the insect and its eggs may be destroyed without hurting the 

 plant dangerously. The Victorian Phylloxera-Board reports that 

 600 Ibs. common salt per acre will destroy any Vine-roots remaining 

 in the ground after eradication. . Thorough eradication seems how- 

 ever the safest procedure. Among the fungus-pests the too well- 

 known Oidium is effectually checked by repeated application of 

 powdered sulphur. The mildew, Peronospora viticola, is another 

 dreaded enemy, and has caused heavy losses. To Professor Millardet, 

 of Bordeaux, the credit is due of having first made known an 

 effectual remedy, namely, by syringing the diseased vines with a 

 solution of sulphate of copper or sulphate of copper and lime 1 Ib. 

 sulphate of copper to 20 gallons of water. Professor Baillon how- 

 ever states, that this remedy against the mildew has in many cases 

 not proved so efficacious as was expected, but that a combination of 

 sulphate of copper and ammonia not only destroyed the Peronospora, 

 but at the same time greatly stimulated the growth of the vines. 

 Mr. Alfred Tait observes, that in Portugal preference is given over 

 the Bordeaux-fluid to the dry application of a powder containing the 

 substances of that mixture (sulphate of copper, lime and sulphur) 

 as prepared by him for subduing the Peronospora. Another efficacious 

 remedy has latterly come into use, known as Fostite, which consists 

 of finely powdered oxide of copper and talcum and is applied by 

 bellows ; it is used against fungi as well as insects. Pieces of 

 mirror-glass, suspended from the branches of Vines and fruit-trees 

 help to keep off predatory birds. The Bordeaux-mixture has also 

 proved the best remedy against Black Rot, which is caused by 

 Laestadia Bidwellii and some allied Fungs, such as Phoma uvicola 

 and Phyllosticta Labruscae. The Black Rot-disease, which works 

 great havoc among the vines in the United States in moist districts, 

 is hardly noticed in regions with a dry climate [Scribner and Viala]. 

 Mr. J. Sisley found a solution of 6 Ibs. of common salt in 100 quarts 

 of water effective. Another form of mildew has made its appearance 

 on vines in Victoria, viz., Erysiphe vitigena (Cooke and Massee) ; in 

 the eastern coast-districts of Australia also the blight of the vine- 

 leaves, arising from Pestalozzia uvicola (Spegazzini) has been found. 

 Vitis heterophylla (Thunberg) was discovered in Western Skensi 

 (34 North, 108 50' East) up to 11,000 feet elevation, by the Abb6 

 David ; the same wild plant was sent from Kinhua, by Consul 

 Cooper, as a prickly vine and as bearing large purple grapes ; it also 

 extends to Japan ; several other species of Vitis exist in the cooler 

 regions of China [Hemsley]. Travellers through new temperate 

 regions might include closely kept vine-seeds among those to be 

 disseminated. Cream of Tartar is obtained from sediments, incrusted 

 during fermentation of Grape-juice or storage of wine. From this 

 sediment, mainly bitartrate of potassium, is separable tartaric acid 

 through removing the alkaline base by sulphuric acid. 



