32 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY. 



experiments with animal cells, but without any special result. With 

 the microscope one can often observe that the red blood corpuscles 

 shrink under the influence of a strong salt solution, but the limit solu- 

 tion when the shrinking just begins cannot be exactly determined because 

 the changes in volume are so very small. If we summate the changes 

 in volume of many corpuscles, which can be done by centrifuging the 

 blood mixture in a graduated tube, then very small changes can be detected. 

 Such determinations have been made by HEDIN/ KOEPPE 2 and others. 

 It was found that the blood corpuscles swell in a weak salt solution and 

 shrink in a stronger solution and there is a certain concentration which 

 does not change the volume. By determining the freezing-point 

 HEDIN found that this concentration for NaCl was nearly isosmotic with 

 the serum of the blood corpuscles used. The depression of the freez- 

 ing-point was about 0.56 and the concentration of the NaCl solution 

 is 0.9 per cent, or about 0.15 normal. 



The question as to the permeability of the blood corpuscles has been 

 investigated by HEDIN, using a method depending upon the following: 3 



The depression of the freezing-point of a solution is proportional to its con- 

 centration. A certain amount of the substance to be tested is dissolved in blood. 

 The serum of this treated blood freezes at a lower temperature than before the 

 salt was added. The depression of the freezing-point can be designated as a. 

 Now the same amount of substance is dissolved in serum using the same volume 

 of serum as blood was previously used. The depression of the freezing-point 

 of this serum can be designated as b. From this it is evident that a = b if 

 the blood corpuscles take up just as much dissolved substance from the blood 

 as an equal volume of serum. If the blood corpuscles take up less than the serum 



then a> b or j-> 1, and when they take up more than the serum then a <b or -r- < 1. 



The result -r-, in the calculation of which the change taking place in the volume 



of the blood corpuscles on the addition of the substance must be considered, 

 gives immediately an approximate idea of the quantity of substance which has 

 passed into the blood corpuscles. 



The results were as follows: 



The salts of the fixed alkalies and alkaline earths, neutral amino 

 acids, varieties of sugars as well as hexatomic and pentatomic alcohols 

 do not pass into the blood corpuscles, or only to a slight degree. Ery- 

 thrite (tetratomic alcohol), passes slowly, and glycerin (triatomic) also 

 slowly, but faster than erythrite. Ethylene glycol (diatomic alcohol) 

 passes rather rapidly, and the monatomic alcohols divide themselves 

 immediately equally in the serum and blood corpuscles. Ether, esters, 

 aldehyde, and acetone divide themselves so that the blood corpuscles con- 



1 Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 5, 207, 238, 377, 1895. 



2 Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1895, 154. 

 3 Pfliiger's Arch., 68, 229, 1897; 70, 525, 1898. 



