160 THE PROTEIN SUBSTANCES. 



obtained by DRECHSEL as a cleavage product of casein. Later he and 

 his pupils, as well as KOSSEL and others, found it among the cleavage 

 products of various proteins. It has not been detected in some vegetable 

 proteins such as zein and gluten -protein. E. SCHULZE found lysine 

 in germinating plants of the Lupinus luteus, and WINTERSTEIN found 

 it in ripe cheese. It has been obtained in largest amounts (28.8 per cent) 

 by KOSSEL and DAKIN l from the protamine a-cyprinine. 



Lysine has been synthetically prepared by E. FISCHER and WEiGERT. 2 

 This lysine was inactive, while that prepared from protein is always 

 optically active and dextrorotatory. The rotation depends upon the 

 concentration and degree of acidity; for the hydrochloride a rotation 

 of (a) D =+14 to 17.25 has been found. On heating with barium 

 hydroxide it is converted into the inactive modification. According 

 to ELLiNGER 3 lysine yields cadaverine (pentamethylenediamine) , 

 C 5 Hio(NH 2 )2, on putrefaction, and this base is formed from the lysine 

 in the organism of those with cystinuria and at the same time C02 is 

 split off (A. LOEWY and NEUBERG). 



Lysine is readily soluble in water but is not crystallizable. The aque- 

 ous solution is precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, but not by silver 

 nitrate and baryta-water (differing from arginine and histidine). It gives 

 two hydrochlorides with hydrochloric acid, and with platinum chloride a 

 chloroplatinate which is precipitable by alcohol and has the composition 

 C 6 Hi 4 N202.H2PtCl 6 +C2H 5 OH. It gives two silver salts with AgN0 3 ; 

 one has the formula AgNOs + CeH^^C^ and the other AgNO 3 + 

 CeHui^C^.HNOs. With benzoyl chloride and alkali, lysine forms 

 an acid, lysuric acid, CgH^CyHsO^^C^ (DRECHSEL), which is homol- 

 ogous with ornithuric acid, and whose difficultly soluble acid barium 

 salt may be used in the separation of lysine. 4 The rather insoluble 

 picrate, which is precipitated from a not too dilute solution of the hydro- 

 chloride by sodium picrate, may also be used in the detection of lysine. 



KUTSCHER and LOHMANN 5 have found a lysine having somewhat different 

 properties in the final products of pancreas autolysis. 



Lysatine or Lysatinine. The formula of this substance is either C fi H 13 N 3 O 2 or 



1 Drechsel, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1891, and Ber. d. d. chera. Gesellsch., 25; 

 Siegfried, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1891, and Ber. d. d. chem. Gesellsch., 24; Hedin, 

 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 21; Rossel, ibid., 25; Kossel and Mathews, ibid., 25; 

 Kossel and Kutscher, ibid., 31; Kutscher, ibid., 29; Schulze, ibid., 28; Winterstem, 

 cited in Schulze and Wiriterstein, Ergebnisse der Physiologie, I, Abt. 1, 1902; Kossel 

 and Dakin, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 40. 



2 Ber. d. d. chem. Gesellsch., 35. 



3 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 29. 



4 Drechsel, Ber. d. d. chem. Gesellsch., 28; see also C. Willdenow, Zeitschr. f. 

 physiol. Chem., 25. 



5 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 41. 



